There is no Universal Utopia Essays -- essays research papers

The idea of a utopia is one which has spanned many millennia. The first example of a utopia was the Garden of Eden, and since then mankind has endeavored to reach this perfect goence, a military personnel without problems, where everyone can abide in peace. Just the word Utopia summons up a whole assemblage of images, images which differ from person to person. This is why the concept of a utopia has been so tossed around, because no one can truly say what a utopia is. From Platos republic in 380BC right up to the modern day, liter exclusivelyy hundreds of books have been written, and movies made, all which give differing opinions on what is the perfect world. It is impossible for one person to try to comprehend what would be the perfect utopia in which every person would be happy, so we must consider that perhaps the utopias written about are not meant for the multitudes, but are only supposed to exist in the minds of those who create them. This performer that what might be a utopia for one person, may be a dystopia for another, this is because the laws, policies religious beliefs and social issues within any given utopia, whilst they seem fair to the creator, may be completely intoler equal to everyone else.Firstly though, we must actually consider what a utopia actually is. Thomas more describes his utopia as being an ordinary place, with popular lands and creatures. But his utopia was created by people, and the laws by which they live, which provide everything that people need to survive, as long as they abide by the laws which are plentiful and strict. This type of utopia is basically communist, where everyone is equal. In this utopian society, at that place is no money, this means that no one person can feel superior because of wealth, and no one ... ...nd thought about, and there is much conjecture about them, a utopia, regardless of what the dictionary says, cannot truly be defined. Its philosophy can be defined, that is, a perfect state, bu t no-one has been able to create a utopia that everyone regards as perfect, they have only been able to describe a place that they regard as perfect. That is the essence of utopias, they are not mean to ever actually exist, but are a criterion towards which people are supposed to aim, to grow, to change, to try and reach true perfection where everyone can exist in bliss, almost every society in narrative has had some idea of this heaven, the Vikings had nirvana, Christians have heaven and Buddhists have their pure spiritual state. Throughout history people have aimed towards this perfection and will continue to do so until either it is reached, or human life ceases to exist.

Schone Madonna :: essays research papers

Schone bloody shame is a German term meaning Beautiful Madonna. This image possibly originated as a response to new ways to practice religion, and in particular, worship of the Virgin in a more per male childal manner. Three examples of this representation include the Roudnice Madonna, the Madonna of Krumau, and the Jihlava Pieta.The Roudnice Madonna, a 35 1/2 x 26 1/4 panel constructed in round 1400, effectively shows the focus on amore whacky and attractive bloody shame than receiven in previous depictions. Using chiaroscuro, the artist modeled a beautiful face for the Virgin. The Christ child is more at eternal rest than ever, relaxing comfortably with his mother. The shroud of the Virgins gown, similarly seen on the statues of this type, are full and rhythmic, extending to the wrist. This image of Mary is considered to be the finest image developed by the itinerant sculptors, likely created for southmost Bohemian courts.This new Madonna developed roots from the intense l evel of worship for the Virgin Mary at this magazine in history in Europe. There was a new desire to show this idol as a beautiful princess, not as a humble servant or out-of-reach queen. The Schone Madonna became the Bohemian feminine ideal.The three basic prototypes for the Beautiful Madonna, Krumau, Thorn, and Breslau, are all very similar, with graceful postures, do of the uniform material, approximately the same height, and near the same time period. Of these, the Madonna of Krumau is considered the best and most famous. A stone sculpture, 43, dating to approximately 1390-1400, it was created by a Bohemian artist who focused on Schone Madonna figures. This piece embodies the beau ideal as the chaste princess of the Late Gothic age. (p.31 textbook) Mary has a poised guide on a long neck emerging from narrow shoulders, with a charming face and high forehead. Her long fingers gently, merely firmly grasp her new-fangled son, while he makes eye contact with the viewer. The Mad onnas drapery is poetic in abstraction, a Schone Madonna port characteristic. The gentle S snub of her body allows for elegant cascades of draped cloth. (p. 31 textbook)The Jihlava Pieta was sculpted of stone by a Bohemian artist around 1400-1410. This composition is formed by a seated Madonna, and the diagonal is marked by a rigid Christ. (p. 32 textbook) Mary almost looks happy to see her once suffering son dead, and this is somewhat disturbing.Schone Madonna essays research papers Schone Madonna is a German term meaning Beautiful Madonna. This image possibly originated as a response to new ways to practice religion, and in particular, worship of the Virgin in a more personal manner. Three examples of this representation include the Roudnice Madonna, the Madonna of Krumau, and the Jihlava Pieta.The Roudnice Madonna, a 35 1/2 x 26 1/4 panel constructed in approximately 1400, effectively shows the focus on amore soft and attractive Mary than seen in previous depictions. Using c hiaroscuro, the artist modeled a beautiful face for the Virgin. The Christ child is more at ease than ever, relaxing comfortably with his mother. The drapery of the Virgins gown, similarly seen on the statues of this type, are full and rhythmic, extending to the wrist. This image of Mary is considered to be the finest image developed by the Bohemian sculptors, likely created for South Bohemian courts.This new Madonna developed roots from the intense level of worship for the Virgin Mary at this time in history in Europe. There was a new desire to show this idol as a beautiful princess, not as a humble servant or out-of-reach queen. The Schone Madonna became the Bohemian feminine ideal.The three basic prototypes for the Beautiful Madonna, Krumau, Thorn, and Breslau, are all very similar, with graceful postures, made of the same material, approximately the same height, and around the same time period. Of these, the Madonna of Krumau is considered the best and most famous. A stone sculp ture, 43, dating to approximately 1390-1400, it was created by a Bohemian artist who focused on Schone Madonna figures. This piece embodies the beau ideal as the chaste princess of the Late Gothic age. (p.31 textbook) Mary has a poised head on a long neck emerging from narrow shoulders, with a charming face and high forehead. Her long fingers gently, but firmly grasp her young son, while he makes eye contact with the viewer. The Madonnas drapery is poetic in abstraction, a Schone Madonna style characteristic. The gentle S curve of her body allows for elegant cascades of draped cloth. (p. 31 textbook)The Jihlava Pieta was sculpted of stone by a Bohemian artist around 1400-1410. This composition is formed by a seated Madonna, and the diagonal is marked by a rigid Christ. (p. 32 textbook) Mary almost looks happy to see her once suffering son dead, and this is somewhat disturbing.

Mega Farms :: essays research papers

Mega Farms Effects On WaterWater pollution has been an increasing problem over the closing curtain few years. Pollution itself is when a substance or energy is introduced into the soil, air, or water in a concentrate. Pollution comes in many forms agricultural, urban runoff, industrial, sedimentary, animal wastes, and leeching from landfills/septic systems just to invoke a few. These pollutants are very detrimental to the environment. Whether they are alone or combined with an some other form of pollution they are very harmful. Over the move hundred years the problems with pollution kick in been increasing with time. This is due to both the increase in human population, and the increases in technology we have made as a society. If we plan on having our resources here for many years to come we are going to have to make some drastic changes in the elbow room we treat the earth, and these changes will have to start with our pollutants. (Jones,1993,pp.4-15)Agricultural pollution i s a very big contributor to water pollution. Problems we see with agriculture are applications of fertilizers, insecticides, and pesticides. We have made vast improvements in the types of chemicals we are using, as to how environmentally friendly they are. In 1985 the amount of fertilizer added to Americas fields was 11.5 million tons. not only do these chemicals leech in to the soil, but they are also swept off the soils by rain and wind. When these fertilizers reach the water there is a sudden boom in plant growth. When the plants die, bacteria that need oxygen to live eat their bodies. This starts to deplete the amount of oxygen in the water for other fish and animals to live and breath, and they end up dying. Besides the chemical contamination on the farm there are major problems with animal wastes. (Jones,1993,pp.39-60)Over the last 30 or so years there has been an increased demand for food. Foods like pork, chicken, turkey, and beef. With the demand for meats, there is also an increased demand for grains to feed these animals. So more land is needed to grow the feed, less space is available for the feedlots. More and more of these feedlots have been popping up over the landscape. And the amounts of animals crammed into the small spaces are also increasing. There can be as few as 50 to as many as 7 million in a single confinement.

Tourism in Thailand :: essays research papers

Tourism in Thailands National Parks The Problems it BringsRainforests argon currently being destroyed at a rate of over 200,000 agora kilometers a year according to the US National Academy of Sciences (Wheeler). Some of these rainforests are located in Thailands national parks. In Thailand, there are 15 national parks set aside for conservation, though only 80% of these parks re principal(prenominal) intact today. These Parks represent approximately 13% of Thailands land. The purpose of these parks is for the conservation of the forests and wildlife, educational tours and research studies, as well as recreational adventure (Wheeler). In 1961, The Royal Forest section (RFD) of Thailand passed the National Park Act. This act stated that activities which endanger any resource within the park boundaries are strictly prohibited. These activities include settlement, land ownership, grazing, the manipulation of waterways, geologic deterioration, logging, hunting, and colleting of forest products. These provisions obviously do not apply to park officials who protect and maintain the park for education, technical research, and facilitate recreational activities (Pipithvanichtham). One of the main reasons for the Thai regimes plan to expand tourism facilities in the national parks is to bring in foreign money into the economy by tourism to these areas. However, there are concerns that the effects of increasing tourism in these areas will lead to mismanagement, corruption, and environmental destruction. Therefore, the Thai organization should not be promoting tourism in Thailands national parks.The government claims that problems associated with tourism in national parks can be dealt with by careful planning and with the participation of government agencies. For example, the RFD is making an effort to protect the National Parks. The RFD plans to update their existing park laws and regulations to make them more suitable for the modern times. The RFD and the Kasetsart University conducted a training session for all in all national park chiefs to provide them a chance to learn about park management policies. The RFD hopes to develop some means of cooperation with other countries, particularly in the fields of expertise which it lacks (Pipithvanichtham). While the RFD has a plan, it will require money to enact it. Currently, there is not enough money to fund this plan mate with governmental mismanagement. The parks are not funded well enough, which has caused the amount of upkeep in the parks to decrease. The cost of managing Thailands national parks is met using the governments central budget and park entrance fees.

Juries and their place in society :: essays research papers

The first months of war resounded with the collision of the war plans pored over for decades by the oecumenic staffs of Europe. The original German plan for a two-front war, drafted by Helmuth von Moltke the elder, had c whollyed for taking the offensive against Russia and standing on the defensive in the rugged Rhineland. The plan showed military circumspection and complemented the stabilizing diplomacy of Bismarck. alone Alfred, Graf von Schlieffen, presided over the German military in the era of Kaiser Williams Weltpolitik and adopted a more ambitious and risky course. His plan, conceived in 1891 and accomplished by 1905, envisioned a massive offensive in the west to knock out the compact French forces in six weeks, whereupon the army could vex eastward to confront the plodding Russians. But a quick decision could be achieved in France only by a vast enveloping action. The omnipotent right wing of the German army must descend from the north and pass through the neutral Low Countries. This would virtu completelyy ensure British intervention. But Schlieffen expected British aid to be too little and too late. In sum, the Schlieffen Plan represented a pristine militarism the belief that all factors could be accounted for in advance, that execution could be flawless, that pure force could resolve all political problems including those thrown up by the plan itself. In the event, the Germans realized all of the political costs of the Schlieffen Plan and few of the military benefits.Like the Germans, the French had discarded a more sensible plan in favour of the one implemented. French intelligence had learned of the grand lines of the Schlieffen Plan and its inclusion of reserve troops in the initial assault. General Victor Michel therefore called in 1911 for a pulley action in Belgium in addition to an offensive into Alsace-Lorraine. But this required twice the active troops currently available. France would either have to give up the Belgian screen or the offensive. The new chief of staff, J.-J.-C. Joffre, refused to believe that Germany would deploy reserve corps in immediate combat and gave up the screen.By October 1914 all the plans had unraveled. After the German defeat in the Battle of the Marne, the Western Front stabilized into an uninterrupted line for 466 miles from Nieuwpoort on the Belgian coast south to Bapaume, hence southeast past Soissons, Verdun, Nancy, and so to the Swiss frontier.

Juries and their place in society :: essays research papers

The first months of war resounded with the collision of the war plans pored over for decades by the general staffs of Europe. The original German plan for a two-front war, drafted by Helmuth von Moltke the elder, had called for taking the stinking against Russia and standing on the defensive in the rugged Rhineland. The plan showed armed services prudence and complemented the stabilizing diplomacy of Bismarck. But Alfred, Graf von Schlieffen, presided over the German military in the era of Kaiser Williams Weltpolitik and adopted a more ambitious and risky course. His plan, conceived in 1891 and completed by 1905, envisioned a massive skanky in the west to knock out the compact French furiousnesss in six weeks, whereupon the army could shift eastward to confront the plodding Russians. But a quick decision could be achieved in France only by a vast enveloping action. The powerful right wing of the German army mustiness descend from the north and pass through the neutral Low Countr ies. This would virtually ensure British intervention. But Schlieffen expected British aid to be too little and too late. In sum, the Schlieffen Plan represented a pristine militarism the belief that all factors could be accounted for in advance, that execution could be flawless, that pure force could resolve all political problems including those thrown up by the plan itself. In the event, the Germans realized all of the political costs of the Schlieffen Plan and few of the military benefits.Like the Germans, the French had discarded a more sensible plan in favour of the one implemented. French intelligence had learned of the grand lines of the Schlieffen Plan and its inclusion of reserve troops in the initial assault. General Victor Michel therefore called in 1911 for a blocking action in Belgium in addition to an offensive into Alsace-Lorraine. But this required twice the active troops currently available. France would either have to give up the Belgian screen or the offensive. The new principal of staff, J.-J.-C. Joffre, refused to believe that Germany would deploy reserve corps in immediate combat and gave up the screen.By October 1914 all the plans had unraveled. After the German defeat in the struggle of the Marne, the Western Front stabilized into an uninterrupted line for 466 miles from Nieuwpoort on the Belgian coast south to Bapaume, then southeast past Soissons, Verdun, Nancy, and so to the Swiss frontier.

Night World : The Chosen Chapter 1

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The Validity of Chinese College Entrance Exam Is Questioned

Xiaoqi Jin (Jessica) Professor K arn College English Writing 23 July 2012 The validity of Chinese college entrance trial run is questioned Introduction The Chinese College Entrance Exam is nigh ways like the SAT, except it lasts more than three times long as the SAT tests. It is offered just once a year and the result of the dickens days trial runination greatly affect the future of any Chinese student. The score determines whether you female genitalia receive the college education and what level of the education you can inscribe in. For most place of China, only a half of the students are eligible for the college education.One Chinese compared the exam to a stampede of Thousands of soldiers and tens of thousands of horse across a wholeness log bridge. The time and difficulty it adjudges for all the soldiers to cross the bridge showcases the students rush to pass the exam. Only a few students qualify to sit and pass the exam. some colleges rely on the composite score, rat her than individual subject scores, the value of the entire exam is questioned by the study (Shum & Zhang 55). History of the exam The exam is a national determinant in the academic council in China.Taken annually, the exam is a prerequisite in almost all education institutions in China universities. Students are required to take the exam in the last year of their high school education. No age restriction is placed on the individuals taking the exam hence the number of candidates increases as years go by (Hargreaves, Lieberman, & Fullan 352). The exam helps the Chinese education system to develop a simple method of placing individuals in the correct course. Regulation of the number of students introduceed in the educational system aids regulating student population growth in the institution of education.The exam sets to enroll students with specified standards into higher education systems. The procedure The exam runs under equivalent rules as those of SAT. The exam runs to 2 or 3 days with papers offers in Mathematics, Chinese and a foreign language. The entrance exam also requires the candidate to handle papers in six other standard subjects, 3 existence sciences and 3 being humanities. The program a student hopes to study determines the subjects examined. On an overall experience, the students go through a science integrity test, a widely distri plainlyed integrity test, and a humanity integrity test.The general procedure and requirements of the exam is set within the constitution of the republic of China. The student taking the exam has to fork out a high school diploma or its equivalent. Health is also an consequential factor the education system considers. The enquiry council does non allow for students enrolled in a higher education program to take the exam. Students applying for special courses such as the military are allowed to take the exam with special specifications (Shu 52). The advantages and disadvantages of the examThe exam is important to the Chinese people as it offers a fair platform for talents presented by the China students. Every student is considered equal before the marks, which makes it fair for students to enroll in colleges. The exam elevated the will of teenagers to accomplish in the academic sector. In a technological oriented country like China, the exam is important as it improves the level of education. Students strive to perform well as it determines their success. The exam works with individual groups within a community who associate with leadership of an area.This helps gain dictation over the set territory in the community. The exam helps the country deal with illegal behavior, either as a group or individually (Burger 177). The younker are vulnerable to becoming unproductive crime syndicate members as they have all characteristics that meet the gang demands. Various ethnic backgrounds have gangs operating on the streets. Young people become gang members for benefits such as protection, res pect, money and power. The vulnerability of the juvenility provide an easy time for gang leaders, as the benefits are influential. The benefits are the main reason as to why individuals join the gangs.In most cases, the young person lack the benefits hence do not hesitate on association the gang. The community fails in supporting the youth realize success, safety, and financial security hence they opt to join a gang instead. On joining the gang, the youth gain a feeling of identity as they have relations through bonds created in the gangs. Placing the examination provides the students with an opportunity of leaving a better livelihood (Burger 177). Geographical boundaries defined by cultural, social, and economic forces are the distinctive characteristics in taking the examination.Institutions protecting other institutions are common in identification of which signifier each education system relates to in the community. Characteristics common to various education institutions a cross boundaries include social adjustment problems, tribulations or trials of the members, handling the business, and the jobs offered to the members. Most of the youth have no choice but to join these institutions to further their studies. Poverty and unemployment is a significant contributor to the youth enrolling into these institutions.The reason is the same across boundaries as the youth enrolling in the youth lack needs due to effects of poverty, and unemployment. Once joining the institutions, the youth expect to have a bright future, which is not the case. The exam system makes the students concentrate of blue-collar jobs forgetting the skills they could deploy in practical oriented jobs. Youth that face challenges are prone to joining the job merchandising to gain the advantages that come with joining the industry. The study comes with distinctive identities such as money, security, and popularity.Vulnerable youth with no financial support find refuge in deploying for the exam to match up to pressure from their peers. The educational system does offer individuals from different backgrounds the same environment of study. A less privileged youth falls into gang activity to secure comfort. The youth who are technologically advanced fall prey of joining gangs. The progress is visible in social networking sites. Social networking sites give as a distinct with graffiti tags, signals, and colors, which attract the youth to joining.The study attracts individuals from one location as it becomes easy to find them online, and offline. Technology and study grows, and in China, the students elevate the ideas through sharing the ideas on the social networking framework (Shum & Zhang 52). How does the exam affect the well being of the youth in China? The age of individuals allowed take the exam is not limited to teenagers as they come with the characteristics required to run activities. Teenagers are vulnerable to lack money, security, and power. They are willing to earn this at each cost.The exam controls teenagers easily as opposed to young adults who attain the benefits on their own. Age affects the performance of the exam by setting the limit of the people who can sit for the exam annually. Some gangs have different age sets for different jobs. Research shows that the benefits for the exam include protection, respect, money and power. Individuals who do not meet the exam targets suffer distortion from the leaders. Threatening is common against the members, and their family members if they do not meet the rules set by the exam.Research displays the benefits of passing the examination with the vulnerable wants that the youth lack. Youth from scant(p) backgrounds lack the pleasures that come with constant financial supply. They become vulnerable to the conditions set by the educational systems (Hargreaves, Lieberman, & Fullan 352). Conclusion Different examinations set to direct different purposes. pickings the exam requires the individu al to pass the set subjects. A target placed on the pass mark is keenly followed, failure to which the member faces consequences.A student who fails to acquire the pass mark result is subjected to passing the exam once more. Chinas system of education may mimic the SAT certification but it plays a role in ensuring that the students acquire basic education before setting to study a higher program in the university. Enrolling the students to university through the examination is essential in setting pace for the right direction. Instilling the importance of knowledge through examination may sieve the success path of umpteen students, but they elevate level to which students find education important.The rush for students to achieve excellent results remains a challenge as the pass mark rises match to the results.Works Cited Burger, Jerry M. Personality. reinvigorated Jersey Cengage Learning, 2010. Hargreaves, Andy, Ann Lieberman and Michael Fullan. Second International Handbook of E ducational Change, Volume 2. New York Springer, 2010. Shu, Hui. Sojourners in Transition Chinese Women Undergraduate Students at an American University. New Jersey ProQuest, 2008. Shum, Mark Shiu Kee and Delu Zhang. Teaching Writing in Chinese Speaking Areas. New York Springer, 2005.

Art Experiences Essay

I have been doing art for as long as I can remember. From the time I was in Kindergarden to my senior year in high school Ive been doing arts and crafts. Ive had art teachers, vacation bible school leaders, and my parents teaching me how to create things my exclusively life. I usually only recieve art instruction when I sign up for art courses. Ive completed all sorts of art projects including paintings, clay, abstract, landscapes and all other types of activities. I had two very good art instructors in high school and they were very critical and rewarding and that probably is why I do it art as much as I do. Ive had a very broad range of activities from drawing with charcoal and pencils to painting and sculptings. For the most die most of my art activities werent holiday centered they were more than of your own imagination and ideas.All of my art projects were graded on pretty ad hoc grading rubrics. It measured how much you worked on it and made sure that you followed all of the necessary guidelines. I have had a great experience with art in my past and Im excited to learn more about it. My strengths in art I would say would be that I really get laid drawing and shading pictures of things and my weakness is that I dont really know that much about the history of art and where it all came from. Art relates to inn very much so. Advertising is used everywhere you go and you wouldnt have that without art skills. I am very excited to learn more about the history of art and sharpen up my old art skills.

Still Alice

Still Alice, October 15,2012, 14159336 Life is a precious gift. It is not about the gifts we ar given in our lives, but how we use those gifts. Do we take for granted our lives and just how precious they are or does it take a tragedy to really find out? Still Alice is a lamentable novel describing the inevitable downward spiral Alzheimers disease causes and how we must appreciate all we have because at any age, our lives could change drastically.It is unimaginable how Alzheimers disease changes a somebodys entire life, but with the support of family, friends, and colleagues, it is possible for Alice to stay true to herself, live with the disease, and remember she is not the disease, but quite a still Alice (Genova). Dr. Alice Howland, a fifty-one year old woman, is a fantastic mother, wife, and professor at Harvard University. After struggling with simple everyday tasks involving her memory, Alice decided to follow a doctor to get evaluated to see if there was anything to be conc erned about.Ruling out it was not menopausal symptoms or the stress of everyday life, she was sent foot and told to continue to evaluate herself at home. About a month later, she was diagnosed with early onset Alzheimers disease (Genova). This diagnosis changed her life forever. nates, Alices husband, was closest to her and they had an unconvincing relationship and marriage. Unfortunately for Alice, earth-closet never fully understood what she was going through. When Alice first breaks the news to him, he went into immediate denial. He took her to another doctor and had to a considerableer extent tests run.It was somehow impossible to believe the love of his life, the perfect, intelligent woman he married would have to struggle and lose herself for the rest of their lives. After awhile of denial, he became aware of how much she really needed him to be there for her. He set aside his true feelings and began doing more things to help her feel happy and not trudge on through life. The best thing he did for her was go running every single night with her. Not only was it great but time for them, but he Still Alice, October 15,2012, 14159336 as helping her feel younkerful and like herself again each time they took a jog. Sometimes his perennial love for his wife would take over and he would be there for her, especially the night she got lost in their own home and she broke down. He held her while she sobbed (Genova 150). Overtime it was if the disease became too hard for John to handle and he missed who is wife used to be rather than loving her unconditionally. He lost his patience quickly which showed one night when Alice went to change, but could not figure out how to get her bra on, but she did not realize she was safekeeping underwear instead.She quickly laughed it off while John yelled at her telling her how it was not funny she was losing her mind (Genova 199). In the end, Alzheimers was overtaking Johns life and rather than living with it, he pretend ed as if Alice would just tag along with him to a new job promotion in New York. Alice and her children knew this would make her memory and mindset go downhill quickly, but John did not seem to care. Leaving her behind with a caretaker and their children in Cambridge, John went on to New York (Genova). Alices colleagues were a different story.Alice finished the semester and was hoping to teach another year at Harvard, but her student evaluations made her decision for her. It was bare she was not the same great professor she used to be and her ability to conduct class was declining fast to the point where she would repeat the same lecture or show up on some days for a few minutes then just leave (Genova 180). She told her boss about her disease and together they decided it would be best for her to take the year off and then take a sabbatical. Her boss mat horrible, but Alice knew it was best and she never wanted to be known has a bad professor so this was best.Besides having to e nd her professional career, Alices role as a mother and wife were late impacted. At times she would not know who her children were, especially Lydia, the actress. She tried her best to be loving and caring for all three of her children and her husband, Still Alice, October 15,2012, 14159336 but sometimes it became overwhelming and she just needed alone time. One night Lydia, her daughter, was there to stay the night while John was out of town and Alice did her best to core her out and claim she didnt need her help. Lydia knew better and out of the love for her mother, she stayed with her all night.Alice continued loving John unconditionally even when it was hard and she felt a little depressed. With all of her heart, she never wanted to let her husband go. She constantly reminded her family she loved them even when eventually she wouldnt remember them (Genova). Alzheimers is never good, but it can give secret blessing. The biggest blessing she received as a result of her disease w as the relationship with her daughter Lydia. All along Alice had a hard time supporting Lydia because she wanted her to go to college instead of aspiring to be an actress.Realizing it is more important to be a supportive mother, Alice went to Lydias performances and discussed playacting with her daughter. They became closer than they ever and Alice was so proud at the end of the book hen Lydia was accepted and planned to attended Brandeis University in their hometown (Genova 258). After expressing this novel, I thought very carefully on whether or not I would want to know if I will have Alzheimers or not like Alices children found out in the novel. I came to the conclusion I would not want to know. Living life to its absolute fullest is what I am all about.Knowing down the road in my later life I will be diagnosed with Alzheimers would scare me. I see I would mistake away from the carefree, fun-loving person I am and just become stressed for my own future and what was to come. I love living in the moment, and if the moment arrives where I am diagnosed with this disease, I will face the challenge, but until then, I am going to enjoy every minute of my life. Still Alice, October 15,2012, 14159336 I admire Alice for the person she was throughout the entire book and her daughter Lydias attitude.There is little time for being sad right when someone is diagnosed, but after that you have to be supportive and caring. Its not the disease caretakers live with, but the person and I feel that is very crucial to remember. As the presenter said in class, There are rules of engagement we must recognize. They live in their own reality, have their own logic, and cannot reason, therefore we need to enter their reality (Ms. Byergo). Accepting them for who they are and who they will become with the disease is the best thing I can think I would do.It would be an honor to work with elderly and individuals with Alzheimers or a form of dementia. With the typical person being olde r than I am now, they would have so much wisdom and things to teach me. I think telling stories and sharing memories is a great way to relive the great days before the disease really takes over. I am a great listener and love hearing stories from older, wiser people because they have more fully experienced life and shared in the beauty of it. They can relive their youth through me and I could learn how to become a fantastic adult through them.It would be a great experience. Still Alice surprised me by how fountainhead written and real life it was. I felt like I was part of the Howland family and as if I was going through everything with them. It captured my attention and stole my heart. I cant imagine going through such an experience, but if I ever do, I will be glad I read this novel. Still Alice, October 15,2012, 14159336 Works Cited Byergo, Ms. Aging and Alzheimers. University of Missouri. Arts & Science Building, Columbia, MO. 9 October 2012. Lecture. Genova, Lisa. Still Alice A Novel. New York Gallery, 2009. Print.

Enron Bcci Case

IBCCIs Misgivings Four major frauds explained in the expenditure Waterhouse field of study. 1. correspond to the Sandstorm Report, some $633 jillion of exites related to treasury trading. 2. Price Waterhouse had been doing its job, thithers no substance that this $1 one million million million exposure in BCCIs Central Treasury which was taken to $11 billion exposure in the course of 3 or 4 months in 1985 could have happened. 3. All of BCCIs serious treasury problems were related to the activities at Grand Cayman, which had taken place in a blatant and repetitive bound all over many divisions.BCCI was paying its auditors $5 million per year to conduct audits which each year took nearly five months. if decently done, these audits should have uncovered the problems and oblige action grand before April, 1990 4. In the case of BCCI, there can be no question that the auditing process failed to work. As the Bank of England stated in determining that BCCI be closed 5. Given th e demonstrable failure of the auditing process, serious questions have been raised about how and why BCCIs outdoor(a) auditors permitted BCCI to flourish as long as it did, despite fraud and some other(a) bad practices which went back many years. 6.The record offers both support for assessing blame on BCCIs auditors, and the suggestion that their work in the spring of 1991 was an essential component of the investigative process that ultimately forced BCCIs closure. 7. One view of the culpability of BCCIs accountants was expressed by BCCIs own chief financial military officer, Masihur Rahman. Rahman testified that as BCCIs top financial official, he did non know of BCCIs frauds prior to the spring of 1990. He testified that has the banks chief financial officer in London, he did not have access to any of the underlying loan information and related files at BCCIs various field offices.Rahman testified that he wherefore relied on the work of the outside auditors, operating around the world at the local direct, to review BCCIs records at its various offices and branches, and thereby ensure their truth and accuracy. 8. At the other extreme was the position taken by BCCIs principal auditor, Price Waterhouse (UK), that it was completely deceived by BCCI until the spring of 1990, and handled its responsibilities concerning BCCI without any fault whatsoever. 9.If Price Waterhouse had been doing its job, theres no way that this $1 billion exposure in BCCIs Central Treasury which was taken to $11 billion exposure in the course of 3 or 4 months in 1985 could have happened, says CFO. 10. According to Rahman, Price Waterhouse (UK) had signed off on BCCI practices year after year without issuing any red flags, until suddenly, in April, 1990, it found massive deficiencies at the bank, in which, as Senator Kerry put it, every red flag in the world was flying, raising the question of how Price Waterhouse could have missed all of BCCIs bad practices previously. 1. Price W aterhouse should have known from their audit of Grand Cayman over many years that deposits of BCCI were being misused. The faux loan accounts were in most cases so obviously fictitious that the year after year audit of PW should have detected most, if not all. PW not only knew about accounts where some $600 million of the fraud had at BCCI had taken place. 12. BCCI was paying its auditors $5 million per year to conduct audits which each year took nearly five months.According to Rahman, if properly done, these audits should have uncovered the problems and forced action long before April, 1990. 13. In contrast, as Price Waterhouse expressed their position, BCCI had deceived them finished colluding with handleholders and borrowers to create false documentation that mis blow over them. 14. The auditors responsibility is to design and execute an audit so as to have reasonable expectation of detecting material misstatement in the financial statements whether due to fraud, irregularity, or error.However, common sense dictates, and it is accepted internationally, that up to now the exceed planned and executed audit pull up stakes not necessarily discover a sophisticated fraud, especially one where there is collusion at the highest level of management and with third parties. Under such circumstances, it is reasonable to expect that it may take a number of annual audits before accumulating concerns change to suspicions and ultimately lead to the identification of fraud in fact, this is what happened in audit of BCCI. 15.Price Waterhouse found that BCCI Treasury losses had been concealed and its profits manufactured through BCCIs failure to record deposits and other liabilities the creation of fictitious loan accounts the purchase and repurchase of BCCIs own shares through nominees with buy-back arrangements and the collusion surrounded by BCCI and major customers in supplying false confirmations to the external auditors, among other techniques. 16. $346 million r elated to the illegal acquisition through nominees of several US banks were identified. 17.BCCIs initial strategy for the United States was to infiltrate the U. S. banking system through purchasing bridgehead banks in major banking centers, and and so to expand the beachhead operations until BCCI had U. S. banking operations of sufficient size that they could ultimately merge with BCCI itself. 18. State regulators in New York had proven resistant to BCCI, and BCCI had successfully acquired National Bank of Georgia and FGB/First American 19. BCCI expanded in the United States by opening BCCI branch offices in regions with hearty populations from the Third World engaged in rans-national commercial activity, such as Miami, Houston, Los Angeles, San Francisco, New York, and Chicago. 20. BCCIs intention was to use these branch offices to feed depositors and banking activity to NBG and First American, expanding BCCIs activities through pushing deposits into the federal deposit insuranc e system. Abedi had decided that he would work systematically to integrate the various U. S. banks BCCI now secretly owned, until the survivor was strong copious and large enough to in turn purchase BCCI 21.BCCIs accounts and balance sheets had been manipulated to cover-up a loan of $725 million to a Pakistan based shipping company. 22. The affinity with the Gulf Group began in 1972 when it placed very large deposits with BCCI in Luxembourg and London. There was little tangible evidence of other billetes until 1976 at which meter the trade finance lines and shipping loans were opened by the Group. An amount of $1. 2bn was financed to the Abu Dhabi Company (Gulf Groups) owned by Abbas Gokal . Abbas along with his other brothers used amount of money as a lever obtain short-term funding and repayment of non-BCCI bank debt. 3. This exposure of huge sums gained the attentions of Bank of England in 1977 resulting in BCCI transferring accounts to Grand Cayman in 1978 when it became app arent that the Gulf Group faced financial difficulties. This was the time when account manipulation started which is why a special duties was assigned the duties to oversee these accounts. This special duties section was involved in fabricating information in respect of the offshore accounts. This included the creation of profiles of the beneficial owners, financial information, false instruction letters etc. 4. oversight in collusion with Gulf used sophisticated methods of deception to conceal funds flows including * Use of gulf bank account which received funds and then redistributed them around a number of accounts * Transfer between Gulf locations in different parts of the world to create turnover and imply debt servicing, oddly just before year ends. * Conduit accounts at external banks, under the control of BCCI officers. * Funds transfer through BCP and nostro accounts at various BCCI branches. * Use of excessive amuse and charges to provide profits 5. BCCI had used $500 million of its own resource to acquire 56% of its own shares through a series of complex transactions. The lowest losses may well be in excess of $4 billion and Abu Dhabis exposure to BCCI and related activities is estimated to be some $9. 4 billion A few other misdeeds have surfaced regarding 26. Money Laundering From the time of BCCIs indictment on drug money laundering charges in Tampa, Florida in October, 1988, there was little doubt to anyone looking at the facts that BCCI had been used to launder drug money 27.Bribery The recipients of funding from BCCI may not have considered the payments to be bribes, but but a mechanism by which BCCI obtained what it wanted from an official, and in return the official helped BCCI, such as BCCIs payments to two of the Gulf emirs in return for the use of their name calling as nominees for the purchase of First American 28. Support of Terrorism and Arms Trafficking BCCIs support of terrorism and arms trafficking developed out of several fact ors.First, as a principal financial institution for a number of Gulf sheikhdoms, with branches allover the world, it was a logical choice for terrorist organizations, who received payment at BCCI-London and other branches today from Gulf-state patrons, and then transferred those funds wherever they wished without apparent scrutiny. Secondly, BCCIs flexibility regarding the falsification of documentation was helpful for such activities ENRON 29. Houston Natural Gas Corporation and Internorth Inc. merged in 1985 to form Enron Corporation.Since its conception, Enron has distinguished itself as an innovative, prominent leader in the natural gas market. Enron, headquartered in Houston, was the largest trader of natural gas and electricity in North America. Enron alike market and traded other commodities, including water, paper, coal, chemicals, and fiber-optic bandwidth. The success of Enrons aggressive strategies is demonstrated by the rise in its commonplace price from a split-adju sted $3. 20 per share in 1985 to $80. 63 per share on November 20, 2000. In this same period, revenues increased from $10. 3 billion to $40. 1 billion and net income improved from a loss of $54. million to $919. 0 million. 30. As a result of its ability to discover new business opportunities, transform traditional industries, and enter new ones, Fortune clip named Enron Most Innovative Company for an unprecedented sixth consecutive year in 2001. 31. Enrons focus on innovation has been demonstrated throughout its history. As a newly formed company in the mid-1980s, Enron pioneered the trading of natural gas when natural gas markets were deregulated. When Enron entered the electricity market in 1993, it revolutionized the industry by facilitating a market to trade electricity.Enron was also among the first energy companies to expand beyond traditional energy markets by entering the telecommunications industry. Enron even entered the e-commerce sector by partnering with leading high-te ch companies to form Enron Online, a business-to-business website that facilitates the trading of commodities. 32. Enrons events timeline * 1985 Houston Natural Gas merges with InterNorth to form Enron, HNG CEOKenneth Laybecomes CEO of combined company the following year * 1989 Enron begins trading natural gas commodities 1990 Lay hiresJeffrey Skillingto lead the companys effort to focus on commodities trading in the deregulated markets. Andrew Fastowis one of Skillings first hires later that year. * June 1990 Jeff Skilling, who has been a advisor for McKinsey & Co. , joins Enron * June 11, 1991 Enron asks the Security Exchange Commission (SEC) to approve mark-to-market accounting. * Jan. 30, 1992 SEC approves mark-to-market accounting for Enron * November 1996 Richard Kinder, COO of Enron, doesnt get CEO job, so he leaves. * declination 10, 1996 Enron announces that Jeff Skilling is taking over as COO. June 28, 1999 Enrons Board of Directors exempts CFO Andy Fastow from the com panys code of ethics so that he can run a private justice fundLJM1that will raise money for and do deals with Enron. The LJM Funds become one of the key tools for Enron to manage its balance sheet and make investors think that it is playacting better than it is. * October 12, 1999 Enron board exempts Fastow from Enrons code of ethics so that he can raise money for LJM2 * August 23, 2000 Stock hits all-time high of 90 dollars. Market valuation of 70 billion dollars.FERC (the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission) orders an investigation into strategies designed to drive electricity prices up in California * December 13, 2000 Enron announces that President and COO Jeffrey Skilling will take over as chief executive in February. Kenneth Lay will remain as chairman. * Late 2000 Enron uses aggressive accounting to declare 53 million dollars in earnings for broadband on a collapsing deal that hadnt earned a penny in profit. * August 14, 2001 Skillings resignation announcement. In evening, analyst and investor conference call.Skilling The company is in great shape Lay Company is in the strongest shape that its ever been in. Lay is named CEO 33. What went wrong- Corporate governance The purpose of Corporate governance is to act as a gatekeeper. ENRON loseed proper surveillance on the part of its Board of Directors, Auditors and Investors. 34. Inappropriate Tools * Mark to market As a public company, Enron was subject to external sources of governance including market pressures, oversight by governing body regulators, and oversight by private entities including auditors, equity analysts, and credit rating agencies.This method requires that once a long-term contract was signed, the amount of which the asset theoretically will sell on the future market is reported on the current financial statement. In order to keep appeasing the investors to create a conformable profiting situation in the company, Enron traders were pressured to forecast high future cash flows and low discount rate on the long-term contract with Enron. The difference between the reason net present value and the originally paid value was regarded as the profit of Enron. In fact, the net present value reported by Enron business leader not happen during the future years of the long-term contract.An overly optimistic projection was set forth. * SPESpecial Purpose Entity Accounting rule allow a company to exclude a SPE from its own financial statements if an independent party has control of the SPE, and if this independent party owns at least 3 percent of the SPE. Enron take to find a way to hide the debt since high debt levels would lower the investment grade and trigger banks to recall money. Using the Enrons stock as collateral, the SPE, which was headed by the CFO, Fastow, borrowed large sums of money. And this money was used to balance Enrons overvalued contracts.Thus, the SPE enabled Enron to convert loans and assets burdened with debt obligations into income. In addition , the taking over by the SPE made Enron transfer more stock to SPE. However, the debt and assets purchased by the SPE, which was actually burdened with large amount of debts, were not reported on Enrons financial report. The shareholders were then misled that debt was not increasing and the revenue was even increasing. 35. Fiduciary failure The BOD was unable to live up to their fiduciary responsibilities. By having no proper check on the conflict of interest. 36. Conflict of enkindle Enron hired and paid its own auditors.That was a conflict of interest built into the legal system because the auditor had an incentive not to issue an unfavorable report on the company that is paying him or her. The Board allowed conflicts of interests with the partnerships it held, and did not keep a proper oversight of the partnerships. There was also a basic lack of communication on the part of the Board to review the related party transactions. SPEs served as a major conflict of interest. E. g. th e committee failed to recognize extend elements that indicated the downfall, such as Anderson communicating that Enron was pushing the limits since 1999.Also, 3000 Special entities, out of which 800 were organized in tax havens. 37. High Risk Accounting Enrons Audits committee failed not only to guarantee the independence of the External Auditorsbut also to maintain proper accounting practices in accordance with the interest of the shareholders. It furthermore, approved transactions that were entirely designed to cover up the debts and over-stated revenues, instead of focusing on the economic outputs. Corporate Culture Utter lack of Interest, specifically by the Board of Directors, on off-the-book financials. They had a general enculturation of being defensive.They would rather cover up their own failures, than acknowledge it. Jeffery Skilling is reported to have said, Ive never not been successful at business or work ever Furthermore, the corporate culture did not allow open diss ent. The Board was also inadequately informed hence their decision fashioning was clouded, and obsolete. 38. Extensive Compensation to the Executives The Company paid millions of dollars in deferred salaries and bonuses to midlevel and high-level executives still working in late November, just before the Dec. 2 bankruptcy filing, which forced the company to suspend all such payments.But a number of employees who had retired or recently left the company were denied similar payments. 39. Lack of Independence Financial ties between the Board of Director and Enron and also financial ties between the external auditors and Enron. The Board was also relying too much on their auditors. They were not entirely independent, which led to translation in their process of information disclosure. They clearly shred information. 40. Transparency The management was not transparent and truthful about the position of the company. They had a general culture of being the best at everything, hence, they denied exposing their failures.Enron did not live up to their duty of full disclosure and good faith. The Board did not communicate effectively with its auditors from Arthur Andersen. The liking that Enrons employed accounting techniques were aggressive, wasnt conversed clearly enough. E. g. When the CEO disclosed to the employees that the stock price was to rise, there is whatsoever no evidence of him disclosing that he was selling stock as well. Only the investigation surrounding Enrons bankruptcy enabled shareholders to learn of the CEO stock sell-off before February 14, 2002 which is when the sell-off would otherwise have been disclosed.

Communication with Children Essay

In every aspect of life, at work and at home, our intercourse with those mountain around us influences and underpins our relationships with them, so move uping positive attitudes and communication is essential to develop positive relationships. Getting to know the great unwashed and showing interest in them and what they harbor to say is grand to building findful relationships. store names, listening to what people bedevil to say, being considerate of people and their views, all add up to positive relationship building.We work with adults where effective communication and deposit ordain ensure the safety and well-being of the children we atomic number 18 caring for. It is essential that any information regarding any child is passed to the correct person especially if there is any cause for concern. Communication with an adult whitethorn be verbal only, but if there is a genuine concern for an aspect of learning or social or personal safety of a child, it go forth be back ed up by written evidence.Discussions with our peers are important to build relationships of respect and trust. A teacher may have concerns about a child and might discuss this with her teaching assistant who may back up her concerns with her have observations. Being friendly and mountable testament help encourage communication with children, young people and adults and al managements acting with honesty and fairness will develop positive relationships and respect.Communicating with your peers at work is likely to be quite different to how you would declare with them in a social situation. Whilst at work it is important to be professional, however that doesnt mean you cant have a sense of humour Quite often the person you need to deal to isnt available so it may be that you will have to leave them a note, either in their pigeon hole or on their desk, and thusly it can be discussed in more detail when you are both available.We communicate in many different ways to many differe nt people at work, we communicate with teachers about the children and what different resources are needed in the classroom, we communicate with parents untoughenedly about their children, we communicate with the office staff regarding stationary supplies and resources, we communicate with the kitchen staff regarding lunch and the caretaker regarding repairs that we may have observed that need attending to or some other instructions. All these communications are important to score the best results and each may be approached differently. It is important to understand the correct approach to ensure the most positive outcome in each situation. heathenish differences may affect communication as misunderstandings can occur so it is important that when communicating with people from different heathenish backgrounds you make yourself understood and be respectful of their culture.When communicating with children it must be remembered that children do not have the same understanding as adu lts and will take everything as it is said and will not interpret signals or things unsaid or assumed. Not all children will understand humour, although some will, so it is important to handle clearly to children and peradventure repeat what you have said. It is also a good idea to ask them to repeat back to you what you have said if it is important that they have understood you, this way there will be no room for confusion. Also, get down to their level they will feel more comfortable talking to you and not so intimidated. The age of a child is important to take into consideration. Very young children may not respond to humour as they may not understand. til now an older child may respond positively to humour as it can relax them. Always adapt your language to the age of the child and speak clearly.The context of the communication may hugely influence how you might communicate. If the child has done something well or positive, just a big smile and thumbs up from across the class room can communicate very effectively. Equally, a disapproving look and firm shake of the head may communicate across a classroom when a child has done something wrong. Tone of voice is important to portray your communication too. If what you are telling them is serious it must be delivered with a serious voice, equally praise should be delivered with an excited and happy tone and expression. Ingeneral communication with children, they respond best to happy, excitable voices, so unless the centre is serious, that is the tone I think is best to stick withWhen communicating with children there are other things that may have to be taken into consideration. It may be that English is not their first language so extra care will be needed to ensure they have understood you. The child may have a sensory impairment, so you may have to speak facing them, behind and clearly and using your hands where able. The child may have a speech, language or communication impairment so again you would h ave to speak to them in much the same way, speaking clearly and slowly and repeating instructions and asking them to repeat back to you so that you know they have understood instructions.Their cognitive abilities may be poor so you may have to adapt your communication to take into account their concentration span and focus or coordination. Also, if a child is sad you must be sensitive to that and be reassuring and comforting. A child may be agitated or angry and then you must be calming. If a child has cultural differences those differences must be taken into account and treated respectfully.Communication with adults may include body language and gestures that may go unobserved by children. Adults will also interpret nuances in tone of voice that children may not pick up on. Therefore it is more important to explain exactly what you are saying to children. You may not have to be as direct with adults.When managing disagreements with children it is important that the child believes h e/she is being listened to and treated fairly. When Im traffic with playground disputes I always listen to both sides of the story and get the whole picture. We then talk it through and decide what would have been a fall apart way of dealing with their conflict and either or both apologises and we have a clean slate and fresh start.When dealing with disagreements between young people a similar approach can be taken but with a higher language level. Disputes may arise at work whereadults have differing opinions it is important to listen to an alternative point of view and consider where there is common ground. Talking things through thoroughly and being open to an alternative approach is vital. If there is total disagreement and no solution can be found then a manager or head teacher will have to be involved.

Discuss the roles of language and reason in history Essay

The probe of history is one in which people or communities attempt to understand the nature of humans through the study of events in the past. When we hang at historiography or the writings of history, we be looking at the study of historical events that have been seen as relevant and meaningful by historians. So when we study this area of acquaintance, we need to think about what affects the way we interpret it, and therefore by association, how it is taught to us. There are various components to the learning and teaching of history and perchance the two most prominent components are language and reason two ways of knowing.Language is fundamentally a systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds or conventional symbols. This is in itself linked to reason, which is a rational motive for a belief or action. then language is a sizeable tool that can communicate beliefs and facts but also manipulate such facts. Language has an effect on our emotions, our perception and w hat we believe in and can leave behind to history being manipulated over generations. Therefore, it is justifiable to say that this affects our reasoning. Therefore, I will be looking at how these ways of knowing affect the way in which a complex topic is taught the Second World War (WW2) and some of its events.I will be addressing knowledge issues, which are questions that relate to our understanding of the man and us, combined with our desire for knowledge. I will look at how the holocaust is possibly taught in a German school, as well as how the Kamikaze attacks are taught in a Japanese school. I will also look at the way these events have been taught to me, as someone who attends a British school. The knowledge issues that will form the basis of my essay are how do languages affect our opinion of a historical event, what role does our reasoning have in understanding historical events and whether we can study history without reason and language. I will be arguing that language and reason do have definitive roles in history.If we are to look at how WW2 may be taught in Ger legion(predicate), we have to perhaps look at Germanys stance on the event now. Indeed a survey in Sarah Ann Gordons Book Hitler, Germans and The Jewish Question, showed the sentiments of the German people in the years after WW21. This can be seen down the stairsStatementPercentage of people who agreeHitler was right in his treatment of the Jews.0%Hitler went too far in his treatment of the Jews, but something had to be through with(p) to keep them in bounds.The actions against the Jews were in no way justified.77%Indeed, judging by the above results, it is possible that the majority of Germans abhor the Holocaust. The way in which they do so however, is very much linked into their language. Germany would most likely not want a repeat of the events of WW2 and so the way in which it is taught is one in which the actions of the Nazi party is abhorred, perhaps even more so than in the sc hools of other countries. Indeed if you look at the response of German historians and their analysis of WW2, many have been damning of events such as the holocaust. This can be seen with Hans-Ulrich Wehler, who in a 2006 interview expressed his support for the imprisonment of the British historian, David Irving, for Holocaust denial2.

Cost Accounting System of Bpl

1. 1 Origin of the Report This idea was originated to make a study well-nigh the salute story system of Beximco pharmaceutic companyceuticals Ltd. for the requirement of completion of initiative semester of Master of Business Administration (MBA) architectural plan of the Department of news report & Information Systems, University of Dhaka. This term paper was an attempt to acquaint the students with the real world situations so that the k straightawayledge gained from the classroom is further strengthened.As the classroom discussion al one(a) dissolve non make a student meliorate in treatment the real business situation, therefore it is an opport building blocky for the students to know round the real live drawss situation through this term paper. 1. 2 Background of the Report The importance of monetary cling to score and price bill reading is being increased day by day. It is non however help to squeeze personify only when too in all kind of finale do. Wit hout compend of personify bill training no double-decker can make effective ending. The personify history collects the info, analyze those selective entropy and help the buss to make ameliorate decision.In accordance with development of new tools and techniques of apostrophize history the determination of hail news report tuition is changing. Managers need to use the court accounting entropy in contrary focal point from handed-down manner to evaluate the motion. Developing and accepting the JIT, TQM and separate modern be techniques force to manager to change the performance evaluation techniques and requires different cost accounting discipline unlike traditional labor movement based information now a days which become obsolete.Primarily this composition is concerned with cost accounting information by an organization in decision making as well as corporate describe, the tools and techniques employ by organizations and the implications of these i n the organization. We select Beximco drug company to examine the use of cost accounting information and cost accounting tools and techniques apply by the compe precise. We empha surface on the implication of exploitation information and technique and examine whether Beximco pharma use or not that particular techniques and the reason of fol brokening or not following based on our queries to respective authority of the company. 1. 3 Scope of the ReportThis report is limited to the cost accounting plane section of the Beximco Pharma including cost accounting systems procedure and techniques. Since Beximco compliments to secure top quality along with cost throw it uses its cost accounting information very strongly. This report covers only the use of cost accounting information for the purpose of decision making and coporate reporting not overall performance of the Beximco Pharma. 1. 4 Objective of the Report 1. to have a general idea close cost accounting information and its us e in decision making. 2. To have clear understanding more or little the cost accounting system use by Beximco Pharma. . Finding out the manifestation of cost accounting information employ by the company. 4. To draw a conclusion based on our understanding of Beximco Pharma. 1. 5 Methodology of the Report The details of the work plan argon furnished below Data sources The information and information for this report have been collected from both the primary and secondary sources. Among the primary sources, reckon to face conversation with the respective stuffs of the head office. The secondary sources of information are annual reports, websites, and study of pertinent reports, documents and different manuals.Data processing Data collected from primary and secondary sources have been processed manually and qualitative appeal in general and quantitative approach in roughlywhat cases has been used throughout the study. Data analysis and interpretation Qualitative approach has b een adopted for data analysis and interpretation taking the processed data as the base. 1. 6 Organization of the Report This report is divided in to mainly 5 parts. The 1st part is introductory part that states the origin, background, scope, objectives, methodology of the report. The 2nd part is the literature review of the study.This part apologises the cost accounting information and its use in decision making by the managers. The next part discusses about the cost accounting system of Beximco Pharma. The 4th part finds out the contemporary methods and techniques of cost accounting used in Beximco Pharma. The last part concludes the report with nearly recommendation. 1. 7 Limitation of the Report There were some limitations in the preparation of the report. The source of the cost accounting system of the company was mainly based on their monetary reports of different.Though we conducted the responsible authority, they were reluctant to give us the full disclosure about their w ay policies. Because of much(prenominal) information is prepared for the charge for internal use only, this was not available. Moreover, most of them were confidencial. new(prenominal) limitations were our time coldness and resources to prepare an effective term paper on this topic. 2. 1 hail Accounting Information In a broad aspect, cost accounting refers to the quantity, analysis, and reporting pecuniary and nonfinancial information relating to the cost of acquiring or using resources in an organization.So cost accounting can be defined as the information obtained from cost accounting activities. For deterrent example, calculating the cost of ware is a cost accounting function that answers managers decision making needs ( such as choosing growths to offer). Modern cost accounting takes the perspective that stack away cost information is a function of the management decision being do. represent accounting information helps the manager in short-run and long-run planning and control decisions that increase value for the customers and overthrow the cost of reapings and services.For example, managers make decisions regarding the sum of moneys and kinds of material being used, changes in show processes, and changes in product designs. 2. 2 Cost Accounting Information in Decision Making For making decision by using cost accounting information cost accountant usually follow some specific models. They use different decision model for different draws of action. Management accountants work with manager by analyzing and presenting relevant data to guide decisions. For example, if any organization wants to reduce its existing manufacturing cost it must dentify the utility(a)s then it will analyze the alternatives by using only relevant data i. e. , which can influence the decisions. For making decision managers usually use quintuplet step decision process which is described below Historical Costs Step-5 Step-4 Step-1 Obtain information Step-2 Step-3 Ot her Information Make prediction about future cost Specific prediction Choose an alternative Implement the decision Evaluate performance 2. 3 Factors regarding decision making using cost accounting information There are several factors that affect the decision making procedure of the managers.Some alpha factors are discussed here a. Relevant costs and relevant revenues Relevant costs are expected future costs and relevant revenues are expected future revenues that differ among the alternative courses of action being considered. Both relevant costs and relevant revenues must occur in future and they differ among the alternative courses of action. counseling on the relevant data is e specificly helpful when all the information necessary to prepare detailed income information is unavailable.Understanding which costs are relevant and which are irrelevant helps the decision maker concentrate on obtaining only the pertinent data and saves time. b. Qualitative and quantitative relevant i nformation Manager defines and weighs qualitative and quantitative information. numeric information are those which can be measured by the numerical number and qualitative information are those which cannot be measured by the number and off course manager will square up which one is measurable by the number and which one is not.Relevant cost analysis generally emphasis on quantitative factors but qualitative factors similarly have their own importance. c. One time only special dictates When factory has idle exertion cleverness then manager must decide whether accepting or rejection special orders if special order has no long implications. Example if any company has capacity to recruit 18000 social units and actually producing 16000 units. The tot cost ( repair-5 and variable-5) per unit is tk. 10. If they got an order to deliver 4000 units for tk. 6 per unit they should accept it.But if they formulate the order of 5000 units they should not accept it because it crosses it s relevant range. To make decision about special onetime order only relevant cost should be considered. A common term in decision making is incremental cost which means additional cost for producing every additional unit is too important in this regard. d. Insourcing Vs. Outsourcing and Make Vs. Buy decision Outsourcing or Bye decision is purchasing goods and services from outdoor(a) rather than producing in inside of the organization. Whether bye or make is sometimes influenced by qualitative factors.For example coca-cola company will never do outsourcing due to secrecy of the formula, know-how, and engineering science. In order to make decision if bye or make manager usually take into consideration about quality, dependability, material handling and set-up body process. And off course manager does cost benefit analysis based relevant cost information. e. Focusing on grand total Manager will focus on grand total cost in making decision rather than unit cost. Sometimes unit cost could be mis starring(p). If we want to make decision about make or buy, insourcing vs. utsourcing we need to consider total cost not unit cost. f. Using constrained resources Under this condition, manager should select the product that yields the highest contribution margin per unit of the constraining or limiting resources. g. In deciding whether add or drop customer or to add or discontinue segment Manager should focus on whether total overhead cost change in making decision about adding or dropping customer or adding or discontinuing segment. Manager should ignore allocating overhead cost. h. Replacement of equipmentIn the time of equipment replacement existing book value is irrelevant because it is a sunk cost so it should be ignored. i. Concentrate on consistency on performance evaluation There is always a confliction between the decision model used by a manager and the performance model used to evaluate that manager. Top management must undertake that the performance evalua tion model will be consistent with decision model. A common horror is to tell these managers to take a multiple year view in their decision making but then to judge their performance only on the founding of current years run income.If there is no consistency between performance evaluation and performance model then control will be impossible and making decision model will be valueless. 2. 4 Cost Accounting Information in Corporate inform The main purpose of cost accounting information is to help managers in decision making. Such information is provided for the internal purpose only. There are some guided rules and regulations about the information in the reports. gibe to IAS 1 (Presentation of Financial Statements), aragraph 117, An entity shall disclose in the succinct of significant accounting policies (a) the measurement basis (or bases) used in preparing the financial statements, and (b) the some otherwise accounting policies used that are relevant to an understanding o f the financial statements. It is important for an entity to inform users of the measurement basis or bases used in the financial statements (for example, historical cost, current cost, net realizable value, fair value or redeemable tote up) because the basis on which an entity prepares the financial statements significantly affects users analysis.When an entity uses more than one measurement basis in the financial statements, for example when particular classes of assets are revalued, it is sufficient to provide an indication of the categories of assets and liabilities to which each measurement basis is applied. match to paragraph 125 of the same IAS, An entity shall disclose information about the assumptions it makes about the future, and other major sources of friendship uncertainty at the end of the reporting period, that have a significant risk of resulting in a material adjustment to the carrying beats of assets and liabilities within the next financial year.In respect o f those assets and liabilities, the notes shall include details of (a) their nature, and (b) their carrying amount as at the end of the reporting period. An entity presents the disclosures in paragraph 125 in a manner that helps users of financial statements to understand the judgements that management makes about the future and about other sources of estimation uncertainty. The nature and extent of the information provided vary according to the nature of the assumption and other dower.Examples of the types of disclosures an entity makes are (a) the nature of the assumption or other estimation uncertainty (b) the sensitivity of carrying amounts to the methods, assumptions and estimates underlying their calculation, including the reasons for the sensitivity (c) the expected resolution of an uncertainty and the range of reasonably possible outcomes within the next financial year in respect of the carrying amounts of the assets and liabilities affected and (d) an explanation of chan ges made to past assumptions concerning those assets and liabilities, if the uncertainty remains unresolved.Other IFRSs require the disclosure of some of the assumptions that would otherwise be required in accordance with paragraph 125. For example, IAS 37 requires disclosure, in specified circumstances, of major assumptions concerning future events affecting classes of provisions. IFRS 7 requires disclosure of significant assumptions the entity uses in estimating the fair values of financial assets and financial liabilities that are carried at fair value.IAS 16 requires disclosure of significant assumptions that the entity uses in estimating the fair values of revalued items of property, plant and equipment. There are also some guidelines for reporting cost accounting information in IAS 2 Inventories. The objective of this Standard is to prescribe the accounting treatment for inventories. A primary issue in accounting for inventories is the amount of cost to be value as an asset a nd carried forward until the related revenues are recognise.This Standard provides guidance on the determination of cost and its subsequent recognition as an expense, including any demoralise to net realizable value. It also provides guidance on the cost formulas that are used to assign costs to inventories. Measurement of inventories Inventories shall be measured at the lower of cost and net realisable value. Cost of inventories The cost of inventories shall comprise all costs of buy, costs of conversion and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition.Costs of purchase The costs of purchase of inventories comprise the purchase price, import duties and other taxes (other than those subsequently recoverable by the entity from the taxing authorities), and transport, handling and other costs outright attributable to the acquisition of finished goods, materials and services. Trade discounts, rebates and other similar items are deducted in determining the costs of purchase. Costs of conversionThe costs of conversion of inventories include costs transferly related to the units of employment, such as direct labour. They also include a systematic allocation of fixed and variable production overheads that are incurred in converting materials into finished goods. Fixed production overheads are those indirect costs of production that remain relatively unvaried regardless of the volume of production, such as depreciation and maintenance of factory buildings and equipment, and the cost of factory management and administration.Variable production overheads are those indirect costs of production that vary like a shot, or nearly directly, with the volume of production, such as indirect materials and indirect labour. The allocation of fixed production overheads to the costs of conversion is based on the normal capacity of the production facilities. Normal capacity is the production expected to be achieved on come over a num ber of periods or seasons under normal circumstances, taking into account the loss of capacity resulting from planned maintenance.The actual level of production may be used if it approximates normal capacity. The amount of fixed overhead allocated to each unit of production is not increased as a consequence of low production or idle plant. Unallocated overheads are recognised as an expense in the period in which they are incurred. In periods of abnormally high production, the amount of fixed overhead allocated to each unit of production is decreased so that inventories are not measured above cost.Variable production overheads are allocated to each unit of production on the basis of the actual use of the production facilities. A production process may result in more than one product being produced simultaneously. This is the case, for example, when joint products are produced or when there is a main product and a by-product. When the costs of conversion of each product are not separ ately identifiable, they are allocated between the products on a rational and consistent basis.The allocation may be based, for example, on the relative sales value of each product either at the stage in the production process when the products become separately identifiable, or at the completion of production. Most by-products, by their nature, are immaterial. When this is the case, they are often measured at net realisable value and this value is deducted from the cost of the main product. As a result, the carrying amount of the main product is not materially different from its cost. Disclosure of Inventory in Financial Statesments The financial statements shall disclose a) the accounting policies adopted in measuring inventories, including the cost formula used (b) the total carrying amount of inventories and the carrying amount in classifications appropriate to the entity (c) the carrying amount of inventories carried at fair value less costs to sell (d) the amount of inventorie s recognised as an expense during the period (e) the amount of any write-down of inventories recognised as an expense in the period in accordance with paragraph 34 (f) the amount of any reversal of any write-down that is recognised as a reduction in the amount of inventories recognised as expense in the period in accordance with paragraph 34 (g) the circumstances or events that led to the reversal of a write-down of inventories in accordance with paragraph 34 and (h) the carrying amount of inventories pledged as security measures for liabilities. Information about the carrying amounts held in different classifications of inventories and the extent of the changes in these assets is helpful to financial statement users. Common classifications of inventories are merchandise, production supplies, materials, work in progress and finished goods. The inventories of a service provider may be described as work in progress.The amount of inventories recognised as an expense during the period , which is often referred to as cost of sales, consists of those costs previously include in the measurement of inventory that has now been sold and unallocated production overheads and abnormal amounts of production costs of inventories. The circumstances of the entity may also warrant the inclusion of other amounts, such as distribution costs. 3. 1 An overview of Beximco Pharma Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd. is a leading edge pharmaceutical company and is a member of the BEXIMCO Group, the largest private sector industrial conglomerate in Bangladesh. The strategic strengths of Beximco Pharma are its strong brand recognition, highly skilled work force and change business mix.Beximco Pharma brands Neoceptin R (Ranitidine), Napa (Paracetamol), Amdocal (Amlodipine), Neofloxin (Ciprofloxacin), Bexitrol F (Salmeterol Plus Fluticasone), Bextrum Gold (Multivitamin and Multi Mineral) and Atova (Atorvastatin) are among the most know brands in the Bangladesh Pharmaceutical industry. Beximco Pharma started its operation in 1980, manufacturing products under the licenses of Bayer AG of Germany and Upjohn Inc. of USA and now has grown to become nations one of the leading pharmaceutical companies, supplying 15% of countrys total medicine need. at once Beximco Pharma manufactures and markets its own branded generics for almost all diseases from AIDS to cancer, from infection to asthma, from hypertension to diabetes, both across the nation and inter field of studyly.Beximco Pharma manufactures a range of dosage forms including tablets, capsules, dry syrup, powder, cream, ointment, suppositories, large volume intravenous fluids, metered dose inhalers etc. in several world-class manufacturing plants, ensuring high quality standards complying with the World Health Organization (WHO) approved current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP). The recipient of three times gold national export trophy, Beximco Pharma is the largest exporter of pharmaceuticals from Bangladesh, spreadin g its presence in many developing and developed countries across the globe. Beximco Pharma is the only company in Bangladesh to receive this highest national accolade for export, for record three times. Beximco Pharma markets its brands through professional sales and marketing teams in African, Asian and European markets.It also supplies its products to renowned hospitals and institutions in many countries, including Raffles infirmary and K K Women & Children Hospital in Singapore, MEDS and Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH) in Kenya, Jinnah Hospital, Agha Khan Hospital and Shaukat Khanum Memorial Hospital in Pakistan. Beximco Pharma is also an enlisted supplier of WHO and UNICEF. Another important business activity of Beximco Pharma is the contract manufacturing for major world(prenominal) brands of leading multinational companies. Beximco Pharma is acclaimed domestically and outside(a)ly for its outstanding product quality, world class manufacturing facilities, product development capabilities and outstanding service.Beximco Pharma has a strong market focus and is anticipating continued future maturement by leveraging business capabilities and developing superior product brands and markets. In particular the company is very interested in developing a strong export market in USA and Europe. To collect the future demand Beximco Pharma has invested US$ 50 million to build a new state-of-the-art manufacturing plant, confirming to USFDA and UK MHRA standards. This new plant will also offer contract-manufacturing facility to leading pharmaceutical companies, particularly from Europe and US. 3. 2 Cost Accounting System of the company The company primarily uses batch costing method in their costing system.As a pharmaceuticals manufacturing company they need to produce huge amount of product so here batch costing is appropriate for the company. Here it is cost effective and easy to calculation. chaw costing has the several advantages over other methods in regard of the providing following information -the analysis and the cost control at each cost author -the operative management of each place generator of costs, the specification of the production and of the predicted costs and their control and realization -the correct assessment of the produced stocks -determination of the efficiency obtained by the taken decisions. The company uses weighted average method in time of inventory valuation.They believe that it gives more faultless and clear picture of inventory. In this method it is very hard to manipulate and easy to calculate though it has a limitation that it sometimes cant represent inflation. 3. 3 Valuation of Inventories Inventories are carried at the lower of cost and net realizable value as prescribed by IAS 2 Inventories. Cost is typesetd on weighted average cost basis. The cost of inventories comprises of expenditure incurred in the normal course of business in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition. Net realizable value is based on estimated selling price less any further costs expected to be incurred to make the sale.Cost include for the local raw materials purchased are 1) Procurement Cost. 2) Transportation Cost 3) Bank Charge Cost included for the imported raw materials are 1) Procurement Cost 2) Bank Charge for Opening L/C 3) Insurance 4) Clearing from the Port and 5) Transportation Cost. 3. 4 Disclosure of Inventory in Financial Statements According to IAS 2 Inventories, the Company disclosed the following information regarding inventory (a) The Company uses weighted average method in measuring the inventories. (b) The total carrying amount of inventories is tk 1,739,818,419. The carrying amount of classified inventories for the last four years is accustomed below Type 2005 2006 2007 2008Finished Goods 294,831,219 398,102,771 331,438,214 358,010,498 Work in Process 113,067,980 178,713,956 142,743,433 171,647,779 Raw clobber 631,820,233 623,238,087 607,643,749 554,338,29 4 Packing square 212,162,685 200,227,273 188,571,634 187,608,219 Laboratory Chemical 465,253 2,163,268 2,673,958 3,719,853 Literature & Promotional Material 9,456,983 44,474,997 49,039,537 67,024,325 Physician Sample 8,236,593 14,025,516 18,397,570 23,037,101 Raw & Packing Material in Transit 64,806,398 196,082,038 178,683,684 206,926,349 Stock of Stationery 1,569,863 2,537,415 2,162,958 4,092,814 Spares & Accessories 58,377,700 94,874,967 131,125,554 163,413,187 Total 1,394,794,907 1,754,440,288 1,652,480,291 1,739,818,419 (c) The carrying amount of inventory pledged as security for liabilities in 2007 is given below 2008 2007 Janata Bank Cash Credit- Pledge 149972631 165214805 Cash Credit- Hypothecation 666029415 628919853Total 816002046 794134658 impairment analytic thinking Tender Announcement Planning Department I & I Service Approved? MRR & takings finish Return PM / PM to Supplier Quality GRR If Import If Local Opening LC Receive Performa visor Prepare Purchase Order Contract C & F Agents Supervisions LC Receive or Store Materials endurance Potential Suppliers Purchase Department Marketing and Sales Department (Forecast of Products) Analysis RM / PM Go for Production Material Available in Stock? Inventory Cycle 2007 2008 3. 5Cost of Goods Sold of the company 2007 2008 Material consumed by the company 2007 2008 3. 6 Factory Overhead of the Company 4.Contemporary cost accounting methods and techniques used by Beximco Pharma Beximco Pharmaceuticals Ltd is a leading company in our country. To compete with the other companies in the industry, Beximco Pharma uses several contemporary methods and techniques. Mass production of a mature product with known characteristics and a stable technology was the basis of traditional cost accounting models. Anyway, Beximco Pharma, with automation, lessened the labor content in manufacturing process while the other costs in the company are increased. Flexible manufacturing system Flexible manufacturing systems us e computer controlled production processes, ncluding CAD/CAM programmable machine tools. Because flexible manufacturing reduces setup or changeover times, companies can efficiently manufacture a wide variety of products in small batches. Though Beximco Pharma can adopt flexible manufacturing system, it notwithstanding reduces the size of the batch. Total quality management Total Quality Management refers (TQM) to the process of continuous onward motion to achieve the full customer satisfaction. Rather than waiting to inspect items at the end of the production line or striving to stay within acceptable tolerance limit, TQMs goal is eliminating all waste. In Beximco Pharma, quality is maintained with great care.As it is a pharmaceutical company, it is mandatory to keep up with the quality level with the other companies. As a result, they have received GMP Clearance from Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) of Australia and from Gulf rudimentary Committee for Drug Registration, Ex ecutive Board of the Health Ministers Council for Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states (representing Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates, Qatar and Oman). The company is also in the process of obtaining approvals from several other regulatory authorities including National Health Surveillance position (ANVISA) of Brazil, Medicine and Healthcare Regulatory Agency of United Kingdom (UK MHRA), US FDA etc. Just in Time ConceptThe Just in Time (JIT) minimizes throughput time by emphasizing continuous improvements. JIT reduces inventories by achieving a continuous production process. In JIT system, employees keep on hand only the inventory needed to production until the next order arrives. Having fewer goods in hand not only requires less store spaces and storage equipment but also reduces inventory holding cost, while realizing productivity. For go throughing JIT, company must need a strong supply chain system. In Beximco Pharma, they cant follow JIT because most of t he inventory or raw materials are come from abroad so it is impossible to implement JIT in Beximco Pharma.If they want to implement JIT their cost will be higher rather than being lower because here ordering cost is very high as raw materials are imported. Beximco use EOQ model to determine their ordering size and they have large storage facilities. Pull Rather than get system Pull system refers to decision will come from downstream of management. The factory production line operates on a demand slug basis. A pull system can only work while manufacturing process can defend to a pull system. However Beximco Pharma doesnt follow the pull system they use push system. The authority of Beximco Pharma believes that push system is more effective than pull in the context of Bangladesh.Because of JIT is not possible in the firm, pull system is difficult to implement because in pull system it is believed that it is better not to produce unnecessary products and do not keep inventory in han d. Activity-Based Management The activity-based management system links resources consumption to the activities a company performs and cost the activities to product or customers. Activity-based management uses activity based costing systems to measure and control this relationship. In Beximco Pharma there is no such use activity cost driver to measure the cost of a product. The traditional system is used to determine the cost of the product. Life Cycle CostingLife cycle costing tracks and determines the cost attributed to each product and service from its initial research and development to development to final marketing to customer. In Beximco Pharma, this type activities is through with(p) in mainly in the Central Product Management (CPM) Department. The activities of CPM are * Market research * plectron of new product * Design and testing of product (DTP) * Sample store (logistics) management * Making system The department deals with the controllable marketing variables, the 4ps. This department takes decisions in the following areas * Product Size, color, shape, packaging etc. * Price Raw materials cost, customer ability, regulatory bodys approval etc. Promotion Promotional aids include brochure, pads, folder, and plant visit by physicians, health-related people, students, and people of different student. Other than this department, in January, 2000, the Business Research Development department was established. The functions that are done by this department are * Outsourcing negotiated * New product study * New technology study * Project feasibility study * Commercial negotiation * Observing the world pharmaceuticals market With these departments, Beximco Pharma determines the Life Cycle of the products. Target Costing Target costing is an approach which determines what a product or service should cost based on its sales price less a target profit.Unlike traditional costing for making up cost, it is a market driven way of examining the relationship of price and cost. In Beximco Pharma, the use of Target Costing is very common to make the target for the cost of the product. Change In performance Evaluation The adoption of JIT, life cycle costing and other innovative techniques requires new performance evaluation techniques rather than traditional productivity measures because it is irrelevant in this context. The use of single short term profit measure may not be sufficient because it is not reliable indicator of managers ability. salary may be increased by doing some activities which are not conform to companies overall organizational goal.Goal Congruence this performance measures should encourage manager to achieve overall organizational goal. The Beximco Pharma does not explain the measurement of the performance of the employees. In general, some marketing employees get benefited if the sales volume is high. But the total performance evaluation system depends in the decision of the management. Concluding Remarks Beximco P harmaceuticals Ltd. is a leading edge pharmaceutical company and is a member of the BEXIMCO Group, the largest private sector industrial conglomerate in Bangladesh. Beximco Pharma is also the largest exporter of pharmaceuticals from Bangladesh, spreading its presence in many developing and developed countries across the globe.Recently, BPL has successfully made its track in the global market when it made its debut on the London Stock Exchange as the first Bangladeshi company to be listed in the worlds most prestigious bourse. This milestone event has widened the responsibility, obligation and transparency of the company beyond geographical border. The listing adds new challenges to the staffs of Accounts & Finance department who are directly responsible for financial reporting to a diverse group of stakeholders both in national and international arena. In this report, we have tried my level best to identify cost accounting techniques and procedures used by Beximco Pharma.What and how Beximco Pharma use cost accounting information for decision making and external financial reporting along with describing the procedure and systems of using cost accounting information. In this report, we imply our acquired knowledge from cost accounting course and try to comply with the techniques procedure and systems followed by the company. Beximco believes that quality and control should be ensured and these can be ensured by using proper cost accounting information. Relevant and reliable cost information can be ensured by implementing by using effective cost accounting methods. And they do the best one fit in the context of Bangladesh. References 1.Horngren, Charles T. , Datar Srikant M. , Foster, G. Cost Accounting A Managerial Approach, Prentice Hall, Inc. twelfth Edition, 2007. 2. Rayburn, Latricia G. Cost Accounting Using A Cost Management Approach Irwin Book Team sixth Edition, 1996. 3. Hansen, Don R. , Mowen Maryanne M. Cost Management Accounting and Control Sout h-Western College Pub 5th edition, 2005. 4. International Financial Reporting Standard International Accounting Standard Board as approved at 1 January, 2008. 5. http//www. beximco-pharma. com 6. http//britannica. com 7. http//en. wikipedia. org 8. http//www. bizmanualz. com 9. http//www. iasplus. com