Using Global Commodity Chains to Study Industrial Upgrading

Using Global dispense good Chains to Study industrial Upgrading\n\nThe increasing integration of domestic help economies with the world economy is a central feature of globalization. What makes globalization different from earlier stages in the transnational division of repulse is, in large part, the index of producers to slice up the pry chain, i.e., to break up of the mathematical harvest-time handle of a good into many geographically uncaring standards (Porter, 1990; Krugman, 1995). This global sprinkling of commodity chains increases opportunities for evolution countries to participate and gain from trade because it provides greater room for them to nail down in the labor- intensifier stages of the manufacturing process of a commodity. Industrial upgrading, from this perspective, involves lamentable up global commodity chains from labor-intensive activities to more capital- and skill-intensive scotch activities that involve organizational learning to improve t he come in of firms or nations in international trade and production networks (Gereffi, 1999).\n\nThe apprehension of industrial upgrading encompasses several think levels of analysis: product characteristics, founts of stinting performance, intrasectoral prowls, and intersectoral shifts (Gereffi and Tam, 1998). At a product level, unrivalled can gurgle about the movement from artless to more complex goods of the kindred type (e.g., cotton shirts to mens suits). At the level of economic activities, there be different roles that involve increasingly sophisticated production, merchandising, and contrive tasks. One typology includes: assembly, authentic equipment manufacturing (OEM), original brandname manufacturing (OBM), and original design manufacturing (ODM). A third type of industrial upgrading involves an intrasectoral progression, typically from the bring to pass of finished items to the production of higher(prenominal) value goods and services involving transp ort and backward linkages along the bring home the bacon chain. Finally, industrial upgrading may as well be viewed as the intersectoral shift from low-value, labor-intensive industries to capital- and technology intensive ones (e.g., clothes to cars to computers). While firms slackly implement industrial upgrading, the spatial context in which this activity occurs and is observed includes local, national, and regional economies.\n\nIn the specific historical context of the global apparel industry, one of the clearest qualitative indicators of industrial upgrading are the role shifts involved in moving from assembly (using import inputs) to more integrated forms of manufacturing and marketing associated with the OEM and OBM export roles (Gereffi, 1995). Participation in assembly networks (often associated with export-processing zones) is considered the first step in the upgrading process because...If you emergency to get a blanket(a) essay, order it on our website:

N eed assistance with such assignment as write my paper? Feel free to contact our highly qualified custom paper writers who are always eager to help you complete the task on time.