Information Systems in Organizations Essay

Information systems (IS) is the study of complemental networks of hardw are and software product that people and goernances use to collect, filter, process, create, and distribute data. The study bridges business and data processor acquirement using the theoretical foundations of information and computation to study various business models and related algorithmic processes deep down a computer science discipline. Computer Information System(s) (CIS) is a field studying computers and algorithmic processes, including their principles, their software and hardware designs, their applications, and their impact on society while IS emphasizes functionality everywhere design.The history of information systems coincides with the history of computer science that began long before the modern discipline of computer science emerged in thetwentieth century. Regarding the circulation of information and ideas, m whatsoever legacy information systems still exist today that are continuously upd ated to promote ethnographic approaches, to look data integrity, and to improve the social effectiveness & efficiency of the whole process. In general, information systems are focussed upon processing information within organizations, especially within business enterprises, and sharing the benefits with modern society. human being ResourcesHuman resources is the set of individuals who make up the workforce of an organization, business sector or an economy. Human capital is sometimes utilize synonymously with human resources, although human capital typically refers to a more narrow learn i.e., the knowledge the individuals embody and stomach contribute to an organization. Likewise, other terms sometimes used include custody, talent, labor or simply people. The professional discipline and business function that oversees an organizations human resources is called human resource management (HRM, or simply HR). sales and marketingSales is what you do and say during the one moment yo ur product or service is being purchased. Its positive the payment options. Sales people have to feed the merchandising process and use the resources effectively that they had a part in structure. There call for to be a partnership between the Sales and Marketing departments. Marketing is what you do (Sales people and Marketing people), before and after the sale. It is the strategy that pull up stakes identify prospects that will lead to the sale. Marketing is learning about your client needs and delivering on them (or realizing there is not a fit with a prospect).Marketing is about building awareness and relationships its everything that makes the phone ring the firstly time and convinces past customers to buy from you again. Marketing includes anything that comes into contact with your customer.FinanceFinance is the study of how investors allocate their assets over time under conditions of plasteredty and uncertainty. A key point in finance, whichaffects decisions, is the t ime value of money, which states that a unit of currency today is worth more than the same unit of currency tomorrow. Finance aims to value assets based on their risk level, and expected rate of return. Finance can be broken into collar different sub categories public finance, corporate finance and personal finance.Characteristics Of InformationGood information is that which is used and which creates value. Experience and research shows that good information has numerous qualities. Good information is relevant for its purpose, sufficiently sin little for its purpose, complete enough for the problem, reliable and targeted to the right person. It is also communicated in time for its purpose, contains the right level of power point and is communicated by an appropriate channel, i.e. one that is understandable to the user. Further detail of these characteristics related to organizational information for decision-making follows. handiness/accessibilityInformation should be easy to o btain or access. Information kept in a book of some kind is exclusively available and easy to access if you have the book to hand. A good example of availability is a telephone directory, as every home has one for its local anesthetic area. It is probably the first place you look for a local number. But nobody keeps the whole lands telephone books so for numbers further afield you probably phone a directory doubtfulness number.For business premises, say for a hotel in London, you would probably use the Internet. Businesses used to keep customer flesh out on a card-index system at the customers tell apart. If the customer visited a different branch a telephone call would be needed to check details. Now, with centralized computer systems, businesses like banks and building societies can access any customers data from any branch.AccuracyInformation needs to be dead-on(prenominal) enough for the use to which it is going to be put. To obtain information that is 100% accurate is usu ally unrealistic as it is likely to be too expensive to produce on time. The percentage point ofaccuracy depends upon the circumstances. At operational levels information whitethorn need to be accurate to the nearest penny on a supermarket till receipt, for example. At tactical level department heads whitethorn see hebdomadally summaries correct to the nearest 100, whereas at strategic level directors whitethorn look at comparing stores performances over several months to the nearest 100,000 per month.Accuracy is important. As an example, if government statistics based on the last census wrong show an increase in births within an area, plans may be made to build schools and construction companies may invest in vernal housing developments. In these cases any investment may not be recouped.Reliability or objectivityReliability deals with the truth of information or the objectivity with which it is presented. You can only really use information confidently if you are sure of its reliability and objectivity. When researching for an essay in any subject, we might make straight for the library to find a suitable book. We are reasonably confident that the information found in a book, especially one that the library has purchased, is reliable and (in the case of existent information) objective.The book has been written and the authors name is usually printed for all to see. The publisher should have diligent an editor and an expert in the field to edit the book and question any factual doubts they may have. In compendious, much time and energy goes into publishing a book and for that reason we can be reasonably confident that the information is reliable and objective. Compare that to finding information on the Internet where anybody can write unedited and unverified material and publish it on the web.Unless you know who the author is, or a reputable university or government agency backs up the research, then you cannot be sure that the information is reliabl e. roughly Internet websites are like vanity publishing, where anyone can write a book and pay certain (vanity) publishers to publish it.Relevance/appropriatenessInformation should be relevant to the purpose for which it is required. It mustiness be suitable. What is relevant for one manager may not be relevant for another. The user will become discomfited if information contains datairrelevant to the task in hand. For example, a market research company may give information on users perceptions of the quality of a product.This is not relevant for the manager who wants to know opinions on sexual intercourse prices of the product and its rivals. The information gained would not be relevant to the purpose.CompletenessInformation should contain all the details required by the user. Otherwise, it may not be useful as the basis for making a decision. For example, if an organization is supplied with information regarding the be of supplying a fleet of cars for the sales force, and ser vicing and maintenance costs are not included, then a costing based on the information supplied will be considerably underestimated. Ideally all the information needed for a particular decision should be available. However, this rarely happens good information is often incomplete. To meet all the needs of the situation, you often have to collect it from a variety of sources. Level of detail/ concisenessInformation should be in a form that is short enough to allow for its examination and use. There should be no extraneous information. For example, it is very common figure to summarize financial data and present this information, both in the form of figures and by using a chart or graph. We would say that the graph is more concise than the tables of figures as there is little or no extraneous information in the graph or chart. Clearly there is a tradeoff between level of detail and conciseness.PresentationThe video display of information is important to the user. Information can be more easily assimilated if it is aesthetically pleasing. For example, a marketing report that includes graphs of statistics will be more concise as well as more aesthetically pleasing to the users within the organization. Many organizations use presentation software and show summary information via a data projector. These presentations have usually been well persuasion out to be visually attractive and to convey the correct amount of detail.TimingInformation must be on time for the purpose for which it is required. Information received too late will be irrelevant. For example, if you receive a brochure from a theatre and notice there was a concert by your favorite band yesterday, then the information is too late to be of use.Value of informationThe relative importance of information for decision-making can increase or decrease its value to an organization. For example, an organization requires information on a competitors performance that is critical to their own decision on wheth er to invest in new machinery for their factory. The value of this information would be high. Always keep in mind that information should be available on time, within cost constraints and be legally obtained.Cost of informationInformation should be available within set cost levels that may vary dependent on situation. If costs are too high to obtain information an organization may conciliate to seek slightly less comprehensive information elsewhere. For example, an organization wants to commission a market survey on a new product. The survey could cost more than the forecast initial profit from the product. In that situation, the organization would probably decide that a less costly source of information should be used, even if it may give substandard information.