Malpractice and Malediction in The Marquise of O. and The Yellow Wallpa

Malpractice and Malediction in The marquee of O. and The xanthous wallpaper In Heinrich Von Kleists The marquee of O. and Charlotte Perkins Gilmans The yellow Wallpaper, the female protagonist is terribly mislabeled. The inaccuracies in treatment, administered by seemingly authoritative and knowledgeable characters -- family members and a medically testify spouse, separately -- result in tragic deterioration of the state of header of twain the marquise and The Yellow Wallpapers vote counter. The delineation of each characters weakness is comprised of fricative references to an apply infantile image and approaching unstable mentality. In The pavilion of O, the marquee is thrust unwillingly into the external world in The Yellow Wallpaper, the narrator is locked away unwillingly in an interior world. Though some(prenominal) ar persecuted because of their gender, in The Marquise of O, the Marquise is impress by the symbolical rebirth of her womanhood while in The Yel low Wallpaper, the narrator is troubled by the symbolic death of her womanhood. Kleist begins his delineation of the Marquise with terms much(prenominal) as widowed,, a lady, and the m contrastive of several well-brought-up children (Kleist 68). In this introduction the lector learns that the Marquise has experienced both marriage and childbirth. In respect to her dead person husband, the Marquise avoids remarriage and returns to her familys home with her parents, brother and children. The Marquise transforms her role as fan and wife to daughter and mother, therefore stifling an aspect of her womanhood. It is not until she is unwittingly sexually assaulted and made pregnant that her femininity is reborn. The narrator of Gilmans The Yellow Wallpaper, on the other hand, se... ...mother realize the identity of her daughters rapist before the Marquise, establishing irony and pass on elaborateness between reader and text. It is also clear to the reader that by the mop up of T he Yellow Wallpaper, the narrator has become maniacal. Though confined to confusable situations, Kleists Marquise and Gilmans narrator are delineated in very different manners. date the Marquise displays boldness and determination in locating her assailant, the narrator of The Yellow Wallpaper allows the intriguing wallpaper to take control of her senses. both stories register the consequence of a mythical diagnosis administered to an initially fairish and intelligent person. WORKS CITED Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. The Yellow Wallpaper. Ed. Dale H. Bauer. New York Bedford, 1998. Kleist, Heinrich Von. The Marquise of O-. London Penguin Books, 1978. Malpractice and Malediction in The Marquise of O. and The Yellow WallpaMalpractice and Malediction in The Marquise of O. and The Yellow Wallpaper In Heinrich Von Kleists The Marquise of O. and Charlotte Perkins Gilmans The Yellow Wallpaper, the female protagonist is terribly mislabeled. The inaccuracies in treatme nt, administered by seemingly authoritative and knowledgeable characters -- family members and a medically certified spouse, respectively -- result in tragic deterioration of the state of mind of both the Marquise and The Yellow Wallpapers narrator. The delineation of each characters weakness is comprised of blatant references to an applied infantile image and approaching unstable mentality. In The Marquise of O, the Marquise is thrust unwillingly into the external world in The Yellow Wallpaper, the narrator is locked away unwillingly in an interior world. Though both are persecuted because of their gender, in The Marquise of O, the Marquise is troubled by the symbolic rebirth of her womanhood while in The Yellow Wallpaper, the narrator is troubled by the symbolic death of her womanhood. Kleist begins his delineation of the Marquise with terms such as widowed,, a lady, and the mother of several well-brought-up children (Kleist 68). In this introduction the reader learns that the Ma rquise has experienced both marriage and childbirth. In respect to her deceased husband, the Marquise avoids remarriage and returns to her familys home with her parents, brother and children. The Marquise transforms her role as lover and wife to daughter and mother, therefore stifling an aspect of her womanhood. It is not until she is unknowingly sexually assaulted and made pregnant that her femininity is reborn. The narrator of Gilmans The Yellow Wallpaper, on the other hand, se... ...mother realize the identity of her daughters rapist before the Marquise, establishing irony and advancing engagement between reader and text. It is also clear to the reader that by the conclusion of The Yellow Wallpaper, the narrator has become maniacal. Though confined to similar situations, Kleists Marquise and Gilmans narrator are delineated in very different manners. While the Marquise displays boldness and determination in locating her assailant, the narrator of The Yellow Wallpaper allows the intriguing wallpaper to take control of her senses. Both stories exhibit the consequence of a mythical diagnosis administered to an initially sane and healthy person. WORKS CITED Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. The Yellow Wallpaper. Ed. Dale H. Bauer. New York Bedford, 1998. Kleist, Heinrich Von. The Marquise of O-. London Penguin Books, 1978.

Report on Classroom Observation Essay

Introduction Internship principle is the culminating experience of the first degree program in education. It provides the opport unit of measurementy to f alone in theoretical knowledge on pedagogies in the actual fellowshiproom vista and gain the experience. The internees are exposed to an environment where they encounter learners for the first duration and breast them with multitude of ideas, approaches, techniques and processes. During the internship period I got ample opportunities to demonstrate the fraud of pedagogics in actual website and participate in e very(prenominal)(prenominal) activities at the shoal level.The duration of internship was one semester. I tried to put to death the assigned responsibilities in Azimpur Girls School and College under the accost management and control of the heads of respective school and under the supervision of dickens strung-out-supervisors and a school co-coordinator, assigned by Institute of Education and Research, Univers ity of Dhaka. contain Teaching is in the center regarding every perish(predicate) educational issues. So as a student of Institute of Education and Research, we should view as an experience in statement at the field level.Before starting teaching verbalism to face it helps a practice teacher to acquaint themselves with the process, method of teaching if they observe a yr of a certain level to begin with entering in a program as a teacher. I have sight 3 science layeres of grade 8. I have analyzed those splites and gave a brief description of one of the classes below. Azimpur Girls School and College Class 8Sec B Time 11. 45-12. 25 Date 29. 08. 05 consummation second Ab break by the lesson The class was on physical science on Work, Power and Energy. The lesson contains discussion about the following topics 1) Work and the numerical expression of ready2) Different types of stool 3) Power Description I had to observe the physical science class of Md. Shamsul Alam sir. I was waiting in bet of his classroom. When he came I asked him politely if he could thrust me the authorization to observe his class. He told me to sit in the class. When the teacher entered the class whole the students stood up and when he told them to sit, they took their sits. At first he declared the lesson. wherefore he started his lecture by relating the lesson with practical experiences. Then he showed the numerical expression in the black board.He explained the different types of work and to do so he dropped the duster from his hand and so also took a book higher from the desk. Now he told that if whatever student is more curious to know more about this he could go done the text book of higher secondary level, only this is adequate to salve down in the exam paper. Then he asked the class what is motive? one of the students answered. He agreed with him. Then he discussed on the unit of spring. afterwards that, he discussed with the students on energy, its unit a nd different forms of energy.He almost times asked some examples and the students participated. While continuing the class he also told students to co operator with me. He left the class before the due time to let me introduce myself in the class. I talked with the class about their class times, syllabus, hobbies etc. when the bell rang for the next class, I left the room. Main features of the lesson observed A. Physical facilities Location of the class The class is in the middle of the 2nd floor in the main school building. Shape of the class The act upon of the class room is almost square. Doors and windows All the windows are in the undecomposed placement of the class and the only door is in the left side of the room. The door is non very much spacious. Students bench and duck all(prenominal) 23 students sit in a bench. The bench and the physical composition table are joined together. in that respect is a long woody string in every two sides of bench. There are colum ns and every column has rows with only one bench. There are 4 columns and 5 rows of benches in the classroom. The benches are not that much congested. Students have space to considerably move. Blackboard The blackboard is put in the wall of the class.It is not movable but fixed. It is not in the middle of the battlefront wall. So all of the students tailnot see easily what is written in the board. Lighting and ventilation The earthy lighting is not kinda adequate for the class. The cross ventilation is not available in the classroom. Provision of artificial lighting and ventilation There are 4 electric fans and lights in the class. But this is not quite adequate for the room. As there is no generator in the school and power failure being a common problem, sometimes students face problems as they suffer from the hot summer and scum bagnot concentrate to their lessons.There is another(prenominal) problem of the artificial lighting as it is reflected in the blackboard and the front right side of the class cannot see the right boxful of the board. Teachers table and chair The wooden chair and table are in the front side of the class. The table is spacious but its drawers are but movable. The chair is quite ok as we should habit in not for a long time to sit there succession teaching. air of the class The colors of the walls are white but fade. It should be brighter. other furniture There are no other furniture turn out the above mentioned desk and benches for the students and the chair and table.B. Evaluation of the teachers proficiency wearing apparel up His dress up was adapted for the class. Teaching method His teaching method is good. When he was working out the problems, he asked the students for its possible solution. It shows that he applied the participatory approach. Sometimes he feels the need for recalling. So he asked the students to write down the important notes. He relates his lessen with real life. He told the students about he group of problems which had an equivalent solution and then worked out one or two from that group of problems. Teaching materials He employ no other teaching material except the black board. breeding environment He learning environment was come and quite which was obvious for science lesson. But the environment was not fear free because of his elbow room of penalization. Use of teaching materials Except the blackboard he did not use any other teaching material. Use of black board He used the blackboard neatly. His writings were legible and could be seen from even the last bench. He also did not stand parallel to the board reservation the students facing his back, but stand making angle with the board.But he did not look at the students magical spell writing on the drinking glass board and the students took the advantage for side lecture. Before going out of the class he wiped the board. Students involvement and participation Students involvement and participation is not very high. Moreover most of the participants the conventional good students. Classroom questioning After finishing a problem, he encouraged classroom questioning. But to wind interest he did not asked any question to the students. Punishment and refund His quantity of rewards was less than the quantity of punishment.Moreover his look of punishment did not suit to the child psychology. Classroom control His classroom controlling power is really strong. No student disturbed in the class while he gave his lesson. Only few students talked in the class while he was using the blackboard. He used a nice technique while calling the rolls. Teacher student blood Teacher student relationship is not kindly, but grim. He maintained a big hold with them. Students were afraid of him. The teacher was caring but not frank. Way of expressing He explained the steps of the solution clearly to the students with agile expression. Expertise in his finical lesson He had a good expertise on his subject. He can answer the students questions proving his sagacity and he had other knowledge related to his subject beyond the text book. Beginning of the lesson He didnt make any specific motivation for the lesson. But his starting was quite good. Class work observation He observed the given class by walk and watching the activities of the students entering the passages between the columns. He also gave individual feed back to some students. He did not collect the class work copies from the students. Home work He gave homework at the end of the class and at the beginning of the class calm the homework copies. He rectify every copy and gave back the copies that day. But he did not give any feedback according to homework. Wittiness Hardly ever he created suitable funny situation in the class making the students laugh. But seemingly it is related to the lesson. He used some different words in the class, like he said that if anyone feels any pain in his intellect meaning that if they had understood the topic. Voice and tactile sensation His voice is suitable for the class. It can be heard from the last bench.The changing tone of his voice creates some special situations or vigilance in the class which is something urgent. Confidence His face, behavior, talking shows that he is confident, confident about his expertise and controlling power. It is proved from the situation when students ask him questions and he answered in a very smart way. promptness He was punctual. He started the class at the right time and destroyed before 5 minutes for me to introduce myself to the class. Discipline The students were disciplined through out his class time. Cleanliness He maintains cleanliness in every step. C.Strengths of the teacher genuine controlling power over the class. Appropriate voice and flexible tone Tries to relate the lesson to everyday life. Maintains the rules of using black board. Asks the students about the possible way of solving p roblems to enhance student participation. Punctual. He can clarify the repurchase of a problem clearly. D. Weakness of the teacher Does not give attention to classroom participation and student involvement. Does not give much fury on girls. Cannot crate a friendly, fear free classroom situation. Emphasizes on negative reinforcement rather than positive reinforcement. Bad way of punishment and scolding. Does not use any other teaching material but the blackboard. Does not make a specific and effective motivation towards a specific lesson. He didnt check the class work copies. E. achievable ways of improving the lesson He could use a poster with the demand algebraic formulas, in this lesson. That poster could hang on one corner of the black board thus the students could remind the formulas in a friendly and effective way. To be confirmed about the students class performance the class work copy of every student can be collected and corrected.And basing on it the teacher c an keep a record by grading them about their class work copies. He could do something at the beginning of the lesson to motivate the students. If he could check the class work copies of all the students it would help the students to do his class works more sincerely. Conclusion This class observation helped me a lot to improve myself in teaching and learning. In this sense I will ever greatful to the administration of Azimpur School and College for bounteous me the unique opportunity. Tamanna Kalim Material Developer BRAC Education Programme Bangladesh.

Letter to the reader Essay

To The ReadersIn my portfolio I allow be writing nearly varies of things such as Georgia 411 avocation Inventory, My C beer Choice, Autobiographical Incident Essay, and Persuasive Essay & record Essay. In these essays you will get different types of emotions from me. Let me break muckle what it is that I will be writing to the highest degree in the essays. jump in my Georgia 411 Interest Inventory essay itll be about what type of learner am I? And what types of careers match your skills.  Secondly in my Career Choice essay Ill be writing about a college/career dedicated to the future career I choose. The important point of this essay will be to research my career plectrum and create a plan of action including the amount of education requisite and prepare myself to be able to interview for the position in the future. now my third essay is about an Autobiographical Incident that wedge my keep in some way. How did the incident affect me? What were some thoughts during the experience? What are my thoughts on it now? This essay is something that means a lot to me because it impacted my life in so many ways. It was kind of hard essay to type up this paper without crying but it was well worthy it in the end because it brought back memories that I tried to forget.Fourthly, my essay is a Persuasive Essay itll be written to convince someone to postdate my beliefs on a topic.  Most of all lastly, my last essay is a Narrative Essay a fictional story of my very own. I do hope you all enjoy what I created in my portfolio.

Comparing Catrin, the Affiction of Margaret, Digging

In both(prenominal) Catrin and The distress of Marg aret, both poets talk about their child who is either changing or has left them. The master(prenominal) difference however is that The affection of Maraget is a narrative while Catrin is written as a inaugural mortal perceptive. Both verses use the metaphors of chains or ropes to typify the relationship amongst the breed and the child. In Catrin the red rope is utilize to symbolise the m otherwise and childs connection. It could symbolize that rope itself arranges their love, and how both Catrin and the mother are spiritually tied by their love.Or the rope could literally mean the umbilical cord which is physically connecting Catrin to her mother at birth, at the etymon of the poem. In other sense the rope could be used invent the conflict for power amidst Catrin and her mother, it could upliftn as a Tug of fight rope. The boy red used in this in this metaphor is enigmatical because the colour red could represent s the love between Catrin and her mother that is still in that location even though Catrin grown up or it could alike represent the anger and frustration between Catrin and her mother for the fight for power.Red is also a warning colour, it could be warning about changes in their relationship, display that there force be more than trouble in the future. up to now in contrast the chains in The affliction of Margaret symbolise the inverse of the rope in Catrin. It represents the breakup between the mother and her parole. We can condition that mother in poem is feeling a capital list of grief and pain. We can tell that she is in this pain when she says thou, worse to me than dead. This course emphasis the mother grief, this press outs that mother is in a lot pain, and that she feels excluded from the humanity around her.Through-out the poem you can that tell that mother has a great affection for her countersign, you can tell this by the repetition of the possessive pro noun my, which practice followed up by son. The repetition of the my emphasise the bond the mother and son have also it could should that mother feels that it is her problem alone to face. The coordinate of The affliction of Margaret backs the point that she has in an unstable mind-set. There are 11 paragraphs with very(prenominal) different meanings. They are random statements with no connection between them except, the exit of her son.It looks like the mother has written the first thing that has come to her head. Because there is hardly connection between the paragraphs, it trys she is rapidly thinking of event that might have happened to her son, which highlighting the grief that she feels. In contrast, Catrin is ofttimes more consistent than The affliction of Margaret. It has two discussion sections the first section is the birth of Catrin and second section is an event in Catrin childhood when she wants to skate for an hour more. The ordered social structure of poem c ould symbolise the hospital, a clean and ordered place.It could also symbolise the mothers control over Catrin. In this poem Catrins mum has a lot of authority in Catrins breeding the most when she is a baby. However we see in second paragraph, when Catrin is aged(a) that line space in the paragraph starts to vary more and the structure is more irregular. This could represent the control over Catrin depleting, showing that Catrin is getting more power in their relationship. Digging is a first individual panorama poem about the poet breaking free from the family tradition of being a potato farmer.While On my first sonne another first person perspective poem which is about the poet grieving over his death son. I both of these poems the poet has great admiration for their relatives In Digging, Seamus Heaney use naive, colloquial intelligenceing through-out take, to emphasise how easy his father did his job. By God, the old man could pull off a spade. This quotation doesnt onl y show how simple his father found his job, but also show how the poet aspire to be as talented as his father. The phase By god, is used to describe his describe the talent that his father has he compares his talent to god. in addition like in The affliction of Margaret, there is a repetition of the word my, it show that father and son have good relationship it also emphasise son admiration for his father. Ben Jonson also uses simple diction in On my first Sonne to emphases the poet grief of losing his son. If youre grieving, it is difficult to complex vocabulary. to a fault religious diction is used such hope and joy. The main why these religious word are used, is to fit in with pigment theme that god has taken his son way from him.However these linguistic communication are also used to describe what emotions boy gave him this show much the poet admired and loved the boy, to give him these emotions linked to god The structure of On my first Sonne is very short it is only 14 lines long, the reason for this, is because the length of the poem is used to symbolise the life of Ben Jonson Jr, it was very short.In the title, the word Sonne is used, this word sound like the word sonnet, which a poem with15 lines, this poem has 14 line, so it is incomplete sonnet, like the poets sons life, it incomplete, lso Sonne has one letter missing to Sonnet, this is other way the poet show how incomplete his sons life was. Both in On first Sonne and Digging both feel that they done something wrong to the other family member(s). The poet in On first Sonne feels that he has love his boy to a fault much, refers to his love as a sinne. This show that the poet trying to explain his pain, he say constantly through-out the poem, that it is sin to love too much.The poet in digging feels that he has broken the family tradition, but in contrast to On first Sonne, there is an acceptance The squat pen rests. Ill dig with it This show the poet is proud of his choice of becoming poet, and says that hasnt broken the tradition, because his is still digging. We see in all these poems that there are closes bonds between the parents and children, we also that separation or disagreement in these relationships can cause confliction and grief between the parents and the children.

Examples of Good an Bad Essays

Student Essays Going for the shade On-Demand Writing Assign custodyt You forget piddle 45 minutes to plan and write an experiment on the topic assigned below. Before you begin writing, read the passing game conservatively and plan what you willing say. Explain Cohens argument and discuss the extremity to which you hold back or dissent with his analysis. Support your position, providing reasons and examples from your own experience, observations, or reading.Your set about(predicate) should be as well-organized and c atomic number 18fully written as you loafer coiffe it. Retailers def barricade the approach to hiring ground on image as inevit suitable and smart, and industry experts determine the point. In at presents competitive sell environment, the methods adjudge c courseed for capturing the consumers aw arness of your brand, said Marshal Cohen, a superior industry analyst with the NPD Group, a market research firm. Being able to find a brand transp ben cy, or what I call a walking billboard, is critical. Its really important to create an environment thats enticing to the community, particularly with the younger, agencyable market. A guy pauperizations to go fall out in a store where he can see good- engageing gals. Explain Cohens argument and discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with his analysis. Support your position, providing reasons and examples from your own experience, observations, or reading. The sample educatee renders that follow reflect the EPT Scoring imparts criteria. type savant move with a marking of 6 Portable Posters In todays order, marketing is world portion outn to new heights. Not barely do companies spend a majority of their capital on advertising, they similarly habit their employees as portable posters. If employees ar supposed to be walking billboards, hence most large number would agree that non e trulyone will be worthy for that particular position. Discrimination is defined as showing favor un providedly. What rough corporations ar doing today is distinctly unjust. People can non control their appearance completely. in that locationfore, I mustiness agree with St all the same Greenhouse, the author of Going for the Look, just Risking Discrimination. Mr. Greenhouse has guidely shown in his article that hardly hiring real flock that look great, is unimpeachably discrimination and should not occur. That is why I disagree with Mr. Cohens analysis. It is a known fact that one cannot sell e genuinelything by appearance alone. Mr. Cohen is a senior industry analyst with the NPD Group, a market research firm. He said, Retailers defend the approach to hiring found on image as unavoidable and smart, and the industry experts see the point. I thought that hoi polloi were supposed to be postulated ground on their ability. In fact, Stephen J. Roppolo, a New siege of Orleans up proficientnessyer who represents many hotels and restaurant s, said I tell employers that their main focalisation implyinesss to be hiring almostbody who can get the job take overe. Hiring for looks must be fairly risky from a legal standpoint because even lawyers that represent the line of descentes are saying that they should take on based on virtuousness so that they do not get into trouble with the law. I countenance seen some first eliminate examples of questionable hiring dedicates. more of the restaurants near my home are excellent examples of hiring based on appearance. At the restaurants, I have sight that the servers are usually Caucasian and that the bus-boys and chefs tend to be Mexican-Americans. I have also noticed that the Chinese restaurants in my area only have Asian-Americans as waiters and waitresses. I thought that America was on the way to bonny a place full of equal opportunity. Apparently, we are taking a step back, instead of moving forward. Is hiring based on how attractive wad are illegal?No, there is not a specific law saying that businesses cannot. Just because it is not illegal does not mean that it should be done. I experience that Mr. Cohens analysis is not correct. If a come with had an extremely innovative and sought after product ascribable to its broad range of uses and quality, the company would not need to stoop to such preferential hiring practices. The product would simply sell itself. After all, every company would hump to get by without spending one dime on advertising. call back a world where everyone was needd based on merit.Productivity would increase all over because people would be doing what they are silk hat at instead of just standing around and looking great. Commentary This quiz illustrates the EPT Scoring Guides criteria for a hit of 6. The superior response indicates that the source is very well-prepared to bobby pin college-level reading and writing. The writer understands and boil downes trigly on the topic maturated(a) by the quo tation in the dissertation, only hiring certain people that look great, is definitely discrimination and should not occur. The summary of Cohens argument is clear and accurate, and the paraphrasing is effective. The writer analyzes the issue of hiring for looks thoughtfully and has developed an insightful response concentrate on the legal implications of the practice. The canvass is coherently organized and developed with a body split of analysis and a paragraph citing the example of hiring on the earth of appearance in ethnic restaurants, which extends the response beyond that which is provided in the reading passage. The conclusion makes a strong case for hiring on the basis of merit. The writer demonstrates a strong command of language and syntactic variety, alter fluent, longer sentences with short sentences to make a point. The taste is virtually error-free and reflects the writers command of the conventions of incorporating the words and ideas of others into the writers response to an argument. test pupil essay with a news report of 5 Discrimination Vs wealthiness One of the biggest problems ca applyation separation in todays society is discrimination based on looks. Our morality is constantly decreasing due to greed and selfishness. At one point in time we focus on the well being of every human being no matter their feed, color or gender looks meant nothing while lovemaking and friendships meant everything.On the contrary to Marshal Cohens statement that a brand enhancer or a walking bill board is critical, hiring people based on looks is not morally correct, and morality should be held above money and reputation. Hiring by looks can cause numerous amounts of issues, both at the political level and the wound up level. As Olophius Perry stated in the article, Going for the Look but Risking Discrimination, If youre hiring by looks, thusly you can black market into problems of race discrimination, national origin discrimination, gender discrimination, age discrimination, and even disability discrimination. (Greenhouse 1). Our field specifically was founded on equality and equal opportunity for all. When businesses start hiring based on looks and/or gender, our countrys morals begin to trickiness slowly through Uncle Sams fingers. Discrimination of any block out may also cause a person great emotional damage. Perhaps a hard working, well-kept, person was turned away from a job because of his or her un-attractive face, that person could be so hurt that they buck suicide while one person gets richer because of this life changing termination they made, another persons saneness is lost.This type of discrimination is not worth the pain and suffering of one human being in return for fame and money. Young men and women are used as depend on symbols in todays twisted society. Many companies will hire young attractive women based on their peach with the intention of plentiful men something to look at as well as freehanded them an incentive to come into their store. As Marshal Cohen replied, A guy wants to go hang out in a store where he can see good looking gals (Greenhouse 3) shows that companies hire these young ladyfriends only to bugger off in much profits by using them as an object, rather than a person, that men can drool over.What kind of messages are we sending to our future day generations? Is it that girls must learn that they will not receive respect and that they need to weigh 110 pounds with big lips in order to be booming in life? Pressures are enormously overwhelming on todays young adults to look perfect in societys eyes. The pressures build up and eventually lead to up to unhealthy alternatives to being skinny, becoming built, or having the exact look being sought. piece of music our society may look break away if we allow companies to hire by looks, it is also increasingly becoming unhealthy.In conclusion, hiring based on looks solely to raise profits is ethic ally and morally wrong. This idea will eventually bring our morality to an end. Health rates will drop and human sanity will continue to be taken away. In order to remedy our society and its morals, we should ban discrimination, or as some would call it hiring based on looks. Commentary This essay illustrates the EPT Scoring Guides criteria for a score of 5. The clear competence of the essay indicates that this writer is quite name to handle college-level reading and writing. The writer understands the topic and accurately summarizes Cohens position, using his phrases brand enhancer and walking bill board. The essays thesis is clear, but the writer could have sharpened it by refraining from presenting it as a common chord-part divided thesis. The essay reflects the writers understanding of some of the complexness of the issue. The analysis of the impact of the practice of hiring for the look on young adults self-image is thoughtful and adds depth, but the assertion that it caus es insanity and suicides is unsubstantiated. The essay is well-organized and coherent, with the writer focusing on the legal implications of hiring on the basis of looks in the first body paragraph and the individual implications in the second. Each paragraph is thoroughly developed, and the conclusion presents a strong recommendation. The essay displays some syntactic variety and facility, with occasional lapses in word choice and sentence construction. The essay has scattered errors in grammar, usage, and mechanism (e. g. , numerous amounts of issues, using them as an object, rather than a person, that men can drool over). Sample student essay with a score of 4Beauty = Money Marshall Cohens argument is essentially that beautiful women sell, and I strongly agree. Its true that guys want to hang out in places where there are beautiful women. Its also true that these women represent an image and that if that image is pleasing to the eye then other women will want to emulate it. Be ing a guy, I know the power women have over us as a gender especially the good looking ones. The fact is that businesses know this and exploit it. Last year alone I must have played out a good 300 dollars because a dodgy girl would ask me to donate to the charity, or that I looked good in a copulate of pants she wanted me to buy.Also, its how most guys decide on things. fulfil for object slighton if there were two restaurants that served similar food. We would almost al shipway end up going to the one with the good looking waitresses. Guys are suckers for sly girls and will spend great amounts of time and money just to the around them. However, men arent nearly as bad as women. When the median(a) girl sees a super model or Britney Spears wearing Abercrombie and fitch they think the key to being beautiful and popular is to match their wardrobes. They feel that if they dress care their idols theyll be more important in the reality eye.I have a friend that buys every outfit she sees Mandy Moore wear on television. Its already cost her over a thousand dollars, but she doesnt mind just as long as people make her feel important. In the end using beautiful people to advertise your product translates to one thing money. The equation is simple, the better the girl looks the more money you make, and as long as the public sees beauty as only skin deep this will always be true. Commentary This essay illustrates the EPT Scoring Guides criteria for a score of 4.This adequate response to the topic suggests that the writer should be able to handle college-level reading and writing. The writer demonstrates a generally accurate but jolly simplistic understanding of the passage, summarizing it as beautiful women sell. The writer accepts this argument on the basis of his own experience and develops his response accordingly. The essay maintains a clear focus on the point. It is organized around the assertion that both men and women are attracted to businesses that hire for the look. However, it never acknowledges the legal or moral counter-arguments to this position. The ad hominem examples support the writers position and are developed in some detail, but the essay would have been strengthened by more analysis of the issues. The language is fluent and often colloquial (Guys are suckers for cute girls), in keeping with the writers personalised approach to the topic. However, some sentences are not take a craped correctly (e. g. , . . . because a cute girl would ask me to donate to the charity, or that I looked good. Take for instance if there were two restaurants that served similar food. ) The essay generally demonstrates control of grammar, usage, and mechanics.Sample student essay with a score of 3 Going For the Look at that place are three types of people in the world when it comes to style. There are the fashionable, who care what they look like and what other people think. There are the unfashionable, who think they are fashionable but do not run with the trend. Then there are the people in between. They could care less what others think. To try to get people to buy their products, a producer will look at all three types of people and chose the one that best fits the product. So the Gap would choose someone who looks good in their product.There are certain robes that fit certain bodies certain ways. People do not want to see a fat, ugly person in tight pants and a short shirt. A place like Hot Topic wants to draw in a punk provenance crowed so they will hire people that look as if they are punk rockers. These people will have many piercings and tattoos that are obvious to the public. Only certain people do not think that that block up is not attractive and Hot Topic wants to bring them into the store. Thrift stores and hand me down stores would hire the last type of person. People who shop at those stores do not care what they look like or cannot put up with to shop anywhere else.These people cannot choo se what the person selling their clothes looks like. In conclusion, there are three types of people in the fashion industry. Some are shoe-ins for certain jobs just from what they look like. Others cannot get those jobs if they tried. Cohens statement is correct. Now a day people hire for looks not skill. Commentary This essay illustrates the EPT Scoring Guides criteria for a score of 3. Although the essay suggests a developing competence, it is flawed in significant ways that suggest the writers need for additional practice beforehand being ready to espouse in college-level reading and writing. The writer does not explain Cohens argument, instead writing an essay about style. The thesis, There are three types of people in the world when it comes to style, does not focus on the issue of hiring for the look. The writer addresses the issue in the body of the essay by saying that Gap and Hot Topic hire people who look good in the companys clothes, while providence stores have no c hoice in who they hire however, the writer like a shot addresses Cohens argument only in the final sentences. The body paragraphs are serial of assertions that lack effective transitions. Most of the sentences lack variety (e. g. , the series of There are . . . sentences in the introduction), and word choice is imprecise (that blank out). The essay has an accumulation of errors, especially in spelling and punctuation. Sample student essay with a score of 2 Going for the Look Cohens argument expresses his oppions and his only the may not matter in the sites of other people. I dont agree or disagree with his argument. I hold this position because of three reasons, for starters is the retailers choice who he or she wants to hire not his.And for there businesses to expand and to grow then they must hire whoever appeals to the consumer. Last his argument may or may not be true and tell complete truth, so Im not going to base my facts or opions on him because sometimes you should ke ep them to your self. As I Said before it is the retailers choice who they want to hire and if you must ensist on talking bad about these people then you must have problems with yourself maybe your jellous, just because your not in the positon to hire whoever you want doesnt mean the people that do make those choices wheather they are right or wrong.The retailers must hire the right personel to appeal to the consumer if that means only hireing whites, just blacks or purple, green, yellow it does not matter because that is what they have to do to sell there product. My third and final reason is that I dont really want to agree or disagree baed on the facts that he is giving me are more better things to worry about then I some stores have racial issues that is there business not yours. To conclude Cohen argument expresses his own oppions that might be better kept to himself. Commentary This essay illustrates the EPT Scoring Guides criteria for a score of 2.The monstrous flaws here in dicate that this writer will need considerable additional practice before being ready to succeed in college-level reading and writing. The writer demonstrates a basic understanding of the passage but is unable to respond meaningfully to the topic, instead resorting to a personal attack on Cohen. The writer fails to respond to Cohens argument with a focused thesis. The sentence I dont agree or disagree with this argument suggests a failure to understand the need to take a position and provide evidence to support it. Although the writer attempts three body paragraphs, they are severely underdeveloped. The writer lacks basic control of syntax and vocabulary. The writer has serious and persistent errors in grammar, usage, and mechanics that severely mediate with meaning. In particular, the sentence boundary errors and serious spelling errors obscure the meaning. Sample student essay with a score of 1 Their many methods of hiring people. Many markets know hire just because of the im age of a person. In my thought process I agree and disagree to a certain point. Their could be certain stores that have people who have expirence, no experience, and just for the look.When you have a pearson who has experience you could expeted from them to accomplished their job. They would always be on time or even earlier. You would not hear bad comments about that person Their very reasponsible and would not complain about geting their job done Commentary This essay illustrates the EPT Scoring Guides criteria for a score of 1. The fundamental deficiencies of this essay clearly indicate that the writer needs much additional practice to be ready to succeed at college-level reading and writing. The writer indicates only a slight understanding of the passage and fails to refer to Cohens argument. The essay seems to be about qualifications for jobs, with one qualification being the look. However, the relationship of the thesis to the topic is not clear. The sentence, In my opinion I agree and disagree to a certain point suggests a serious lack of focus. The essay appears to be incomplete, with the second and third body paragraphs and the conclusion implied by the thesis but unwritten. The writer lacks basic control of syntax and vocabulary. The writer has serious and persistent errors in mechanics that severely interfere with meaning. Spelling and verb form errors are pervasive.

Battle of Marathon

The passage of arms of marathon is one of historys almost famous soldiers directments. It is in any case one of the earliest recorded con gods. Their victory all over the Iranian invaders gave the appetizer com/world-history-unit-3/ Hellenic metropolis states confidence in their ability to defend themselves and article of faith in their continued existence. The appointment is thitherfore con berthred a defining piece in the development of European culture. In September of 490 BC a Iranian armada of 600 ships disgorged an invasion campaign of approximately 20,000 infantry and cavalry on classic soil just north of capital of Greece.Their mission was to crush the Hellenic states in retaliation for their support of their Ionian cousins who had revolted against Iranian rule. Undaunted by the numerical superiority of the invaders, capital of Greece mobilized 10,000 hoplite state of warriors to defend their territory. The two armies met on the subject field of endurance co ntest twenty-six miles north of capital of Greece. The flat battlefield surrounded by hills and sea was ideal for the Persian cavalry. Surveying the gain that the terrain and size of their compel gave to the Persians, the classical generals hesitated.One of the Hellenic generals Miltiades made a passionate plea for impudence and convinced his fellow generals to storm the Persians. Miltiades ordered the Hellenic hoplites to form a literary argument equal in length to that of the Persians. Then in an fiddle that his antagonist believed to be complete madness he ordered his Greek warriors to flaming the Persian farm animal at a dead run. In the ensuing melee, the middle of the Greek line weakened and gave way, provided the flanks were fitting to engulf and slaughter the trapped Persians. An estimated 6,400 Persians were slaughtered while only 192 Greeks were killed.The remaining Persians get out-of-door on their ships and made an attempt to attack what they thou ght was an undefended capital of Greece. However, the Greek warriors made a forced march back to A accordinglys and arrived in sequence to thwart the Persians. With you it rests, C tout ensembleimachus In finding before battle Known as the Father of History, Herodotus wrote his description of the battle a few old age after it occurred. We join his account as the Athenians arrive at the flying field and be joined by a force of approximately super acid of their Plataean bothies.The Greek forces claimers split on whether they should immediately attack the invaders or wait for reinforcements ADVERTISMENT The Athenians were drawn up in order of battle in a sacred close belonging to Heracles, when they were joined by the Plataeans, who came in full force to their aid. The Athenian generals were divided in their opinions. whatsoever advised not to risk a battle, because they were too few to withdraw such a host as that of the Persians. Others were for fighting at once. Among th ese inhabit was Miltiades.He therefore, assimilateing that opinions were thus divided, and that the less fitting counsel appeared likely to prevail, fixed to go to the polemarch an honored dignitary of Athens, and have a conference with him. For the objet dart on whom the lot fell to be polemarch at Athens was authorise to give his eat up with the ten generals, since anciently the Athenians allowed him an equal right of vote with them. The polemarch at this juncture was Callimachus of Aphidnre to him therefore Miltiades went, and saidWith you it rests, Callimachus, either to bring Athens to slavery, or, by securing her freedom, to be remembered by all future generations. For never since the meter that the Athenians became a people were they in so great a riskiness as now. If they bow their necks beneath the yoke of the Persians, the woes which they get out have to underpin are al constitute conditiond. If, on the other hand, they fight and overcome, Athens whitethorn rise to be the very conduct-off city in Greece. We generals are ten in number, and our votes are divided half of us tender to engage, half to avoid a combat.Now, if we do not fight, I realize to see a great disturbance at Athens which testament shake mens resolutions, and then I fear they will bias themselves. But, if we fight the battle before any unsoundness shows itself among our citizens, we are easy sufficient to overcome the contact. On you therefore we depend in this matter, which lies only in your own power. You have only to add your vote to my nerve and your untaught will be free and not free only, just now the first state in Greece.Or, if you prefer to give your vote to them who would aggravate the combat, then the reverse will follow. Miltiades by these words gained Callimachus and the addition of the polemarchs vote caused the decision to be in favor of fighting. The encounter Begins Miltiades arranges the Greek line of battle so that it stretche s the length of the opposing, and far superior, Persian legions. Then, much to the strike of the Persians, he orders the Greek warriors to charge headlong into the foe line. The Athenians charged the bucolics at a run.Now the distance between the two armies was little short of octette furlongs approximately a mile The Persians, therefore, when they saw the Greeks coming on at speed, made wide awake to receive them, although it seemed to them that the Athenians were bereft of their senses, and bent upon their own destruction for they saw a mere handful of men coming on at a run without either horsemen or archers. Such was the opinion of the mercilesss but the Athenians in close array fell upon them, and fought in a homoner noteworthy of being recorded.They were the first of the Greeks, so far as I know, who introduced the use of charging the enemy at a run, and they were likewise the first who dared to look upon the Persian garb, and to face men clad in that fashion. Until this time the very realise of the Persians had been a terror to the Greeks to hear. The two armies fought together on the plain of battle of battle of Marathon for a length of time and in the mid-battle the barbarians were victorious, and broke and pursued the Greeks into the cozy country but on the two wings the Athenians andthe Plataeans get overed the enemy .Having so done, they makeed the routed barbarians to fly at their ease, and joining the two wings in one, fell upon those who had broken their own center, and fought and conquered them. These likewise fled, and now the Athenians hung upon the run outs and cut them down, chasing them all the way to the shore, on reaching which they laid hold of the ships and called aloud for fire. The Persians charge AthensMiltiades arranges the Greek line of battle so that it stretches the length of the opposing, and far superior, Persian soldiers. Then, much to the ramp of the Persians, he orders the Greek warriors to charge headlong into the enemy line. the Athenians secured in this way seven of the vessels while with the remainder the barbarians pushed off, and taking on base their Eretrian prisoners from the island where they had left them, doubled Cape Sunium, hoping to reach Athens before the give back of the Athenians.The Persians accordingly sailed round Sunium. But the Athenians with all possible speed marched away to the defense of their city, and succeeded in reaching Athens before the appearance of the barbarians The barbarian fleet arrived, and lay to off Phalerum, which was at that time the haven of Athens but after resting awhile upon their oars, they departed and sailed away to Asia. Battle of MarathonThe battle of Marathon is one of historys most famous legions engagements. It is also one of the earliest recorded battles. Their victory over the Persian invaders gave the fledgling Greek city states confidence in their ability to defend themselves and whimsy in their continued existence. The battle is therefore confacered a defining result in the development of European culture. In September of 490 BC a Persian armada of 600 ships disgorged an invasion force of approximately 20,000 infantry and cavalry on Greek soil just north of Athens.Their mission was to crush the Greek states in retaliation for their support of their Ionian cousins who had revolted against Persian rule. Undaunted by the numerical superiority of the invaders, Athens mobilized 10,000 hoplite warriors to defend their territory. The two armies met on the field of operations of Marathon twenty-six miles north of Athens. The flat battlefield surrounded by hills and sea was ideal for the Persian cavalry. Surveying the favor that the terrain and size of their force gave to the Persians, the Greek generals hesitated.One of the Greek generals Miltiades made a passionate plea for typeface and convinced his fellow generals to attack the Persians. Miltiades ordered the Greek hoplites to form a line equal i n length to that of the Persians. Then in an consummation that his enemy believed to be complete madness he ordered his Greek warriors to attack the Persian line at a dead run. In the ensuing melee, the middle of the Greek line weakened and gave way, but the flanks were competent to engulf and slaughter the trapped Persians. An estimated 6,400 Persians were slaughtered while only 192 Greeks were killed.The remaining Persians break loose on their ships and made an attempt to attack what they thought was an undefended Athens. However, the Greek warriors made a forced march back to Athens and arrived in time to thwart the Persians. With you it rests, Callimachus Indecision before battle Known as the Father of History, Herodotus wrote his description of the battle a few age after it occurred. We join his account as the Athenians arrive at the subject and are joined by a force of approximately atomic number 19 of their Plataean allies.The Greek armed forces leaders split on whe ther they should immediately attack the invaders or wait for reinforcements ADVERTISMENT The Athenians were drawn up in order of battle in a sacred close belonging to Heracles, when they were joined by the Plataeans, who came in full force to their aid. The Athenian generals were divided in their opinions. tumefy-nigh advised not to risk a battle, because they were too few to engage such a host as that of the Persians. Others were for fighting at once. Among these termination was Miltiades.He therefore, seeing that opinions were thus divided, and that the less worthy counsel appeared likely to prevail, firm to go to the polemarch an honored dignitary of Athens, and have a conference with him. For the man on whom the lot fell to be polemarch at Athens was authorise to give his vote with the ten generals, since anciently the Athenians allowed him an equal right of choose with them. The polemarch at this juncture was Callimachus of Aphidnre to him therefore Miltiades went, and sa idWith you it rests, Callimachus, either to bring Athens to slavery, or, by securing her freedom, to be remembered by all future generations. For never since the time that the Athenians became a people were they in so great a jeopardy as now. If they bow their necks beneath the yoke of the Persians, the woes which they will have to suffer are already determined. If, on the other hand, they fight and overcome, Athens may rise to be the very first city in Greece. We generals are ten in number, and our votes are divided half of us tender to engage, half to avoid a combat.Now, if we do not fight, I look to see a great disturbance at Athens which will shake mens resolutions, and then I fear they will direct themselves. But, if we fight the battle before any unsoundness shows itself among our citizens, we are well able to overcome the enemy. On you therefore we depend in this matter, which lies only in your own power. You have only to add your vote to my brass and your country wil l be free and not free only, but the first state in Greece.Or, if you prefer to give your vote to them who would redress the combat, then the reverse will follow. Miltiades by these words gained Callimachus and the addition of the polemarchs vote caused the decision to be in favor of fighting. The Battle Begins Miltiades arranges the Greek line of battle so that it stretches the length of the opposing, and far superior, Persian army. Then, much to the surprise of the Persians, he orders the Greek warriors to charge headlong into the enemy line. The Athenians charged the barbarians at a run.Now the distance between the two armies was little short of ogdoad furlongs approximately a mile The Persians, therefore, when they saw the Greeks coming on at speed, made ready to receive them, although it seemed to them that the Athenians were bereft of their senses, and bent upon their own destruction for they saw a mere handful of men coming on at a run without either horsemen or archers. Such was the opinion of the barbarians but the Athenians in close array fell upon them, and fought in a manner worthy of being recorded.They were the first of the Greeks, so far as I know, who introduced the system of charging the enemy at a run, and they were likewise the first who dared to look upon the Persian garb, and to face men clad in that fashion. Until this time the very comprise of the Persians had been a terror to the Greeks to hear. The two armies fought together on the plain of Marathon for a length of time and in the mid-battle the barbarians were victorious, and broke and pursued the Greeks into the inside country but on the two wings the Athenians andthe Plataeans defeated the enemy . Having so done, they suffered the routed barbarians to fly at their ease, and joining the two wings in one, fell upon those who had broken their own center, and fought and conquered them. These likewise fled, and now the Athenians hung upon the runaways and cut them down, chasing t hem all the way to the shore, on reaching which they laid hold of the ships and called aloud for fire. The Persians bam AthensMiltiades arranges the Greek line of battle so that it stretches the length of the opposing, and far superior, Persian army. Then, much to the surprise of the Persians, he orders the Greek warriors to charge headlong into the enemy line. the Athenians secured in this way seven of the vessels while with the remainder the barbarians pushed off, and taking aboard their Eretrian prisoners from the island where they had left them, doubled Cape Sunium, hoping to reach Athens before the come of the Athenians.The Persians accordingly sailed round Sunium. But the Athenians with all possible speed marched away to the defense of their city, and succeeded in reaching Athens before the appearance of the barbarians The barbarian fleet arrived, and lay to off Phalerum, which was at that time the haven of Athens but after resting awhile upon their oars, they departed an d sailed away to Asia. References Herodotuss account appears in Davis, William Sterns, Readings in Ancient History (1912) Creasy, Edward, The Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World (1969).Battle of MarathonDespite of the disadvantaged cracks of Athenians, according to the records of Herodotus, their victory was good-tempered achieved with well-planned military strategy by the leading of Miltiades, and by taking advantage over the terrain and weather during war. Introduction From the very inception of the war preparation, the grinning of victory was not even a glimpse clear to Athenians.The Athenians well-educated the Persian army were soon sailing from Eretria to Marathon, and with this knowledge, they commenced their preparation for battle (6. 1023).The Athenians were altogether beginning their combat in a disadvantaged state. During their preparation, external and versed conflicts occurred that held them unable to form confederation with other Greek nations. From Herodotu s accounts, the internal problems occurred chiefly due to the division in the ten Athenian generals (6. 109).They were arguing the most convenient military strategy, but the military had doubts as to whether they should give curse against the enemy outside the city or else allow the situation to lead out a siege (Grote 2001 304).By quantity, the records of Persians and Sacaes army surpassed the union of Athenians and Plataeans (6. 113).Therefore, the triumph of Persians was ab initio more conceivable due to their immense battling power and the disadvantaged condition of Athens. Discussion Disadvantages of Athens Over Persians During the Battle With the historical accounts on Athenian versus Persians military, Athens suffered the most in terms of military quantity and conflicting military strategy. The Persian army came across the Aegean Sea on a large fleet. Their fleets first activity destroyed the small city of Eretria on Euboea, and then get over over to Attica.Considering th is illustration, the Athenians were vastly outnumbered by the Persian fleets. The only military advantage of Athenians was to meet the Persian army in land (Dandamaev 1989 178). However, even by land, the Athenians were in a difficult position and they initially had no sympathy to hope for assistance outside their realm. An estimate of the Persian army in 490 B. C. at astir(predicate) 4,000 to 6,000 warriors, including 500 to 800 mounted men- overpowered Athenians fleet. Meanwhile, as with the Greeks, there were large numbers of unarmored men but still smaller in quantity compared with the Persians.In addition to this, the neighboring districts, such as Bocotia, could have posed as Greek allies, but turned against them by openly welcoming the advent of the Persians (Creasy 1863 50 Grote 2001 304). Fortunately, the Athenians were able to find alliance with the Plataeans to combat the Persians (6. 111).In terms of internal problems of Athens, political disagreements were occurring d uring the time of their war preparation, which severely placed Athens in a disadvantage position over the Persians. The last tyrant of Athens who was deprived of his power and exiled from Athens was Hippias. However, He was given a position by the Persians as governor of the townsfolk of Sigeum on the Hellespont in order to illustrate the illusion of their political beneficence to Greeks (Creasy 1863 52).The political strife continued between the aristocrats and the democratic party. In particular, there was the noble family of the Alcmeonids (who had been deprived of their power by their political opponent Miltiades) unify itself with the adherents of Hippias and hoped to return Hippias power with their political strife. Some of the Athenians were prepared to divine service the Persian and without publicly acclaiming so, hoped for their victory. Now, at an advanced age, he returned with the Persian army to Attica where his arcanum adherents awaited him (Grote 2001 305).Many G reek Elites were opposed to the risky war with the Persians, since the defeat from war would lose their riches and influence (Dandamaev 1989 177).Some were tempted to surrender the city to the Persian and to dispense all possible advantage from this voluntary submission. The Strategies of War by Persians under(a) the guidance of Hippias, the former ruler of Athens, the Persians chose the plain of Marathon for their debarkation study (Creasy 1863 53).The mission of the Persian commanders Datis and Artaphernes were the first to debark the army at some point on the Athenian coast, and then to attack and conquer the city of Athens itself. Arguing, if an Athenian army should appear in the open countryside, then it would first had to be defeated and driven back (Grote 2001 304).Unfortunately, the Athenians were unable to determine the landing point of the Persians. It was at a distance of about cardinal miles from Athens and their landing point was unguarded by Athens. As for these s tatements, the Athenians were completely disadvantaged in their positions of war towards the Persians.However, the argument still lies on how Athenians were able to combat the Persians and attain victor. When the Persian army disembarked at Marathon, there was ample disagreement in the Athenian assembly concerning the tactics for the impending battle with the Persians. Miltiades, the leader of the conservative farmers who was once Athenian strategoi (the highest military commanders), feared betrayal from the side of the pro-Persian faction and therefore insisted on an immediate advance upon the Persians (Dandamaev 1989 179).In addition from Herodotus accounts, the ten military generals of Athens were divided with the opinions on how to strategize the war (6. 109).Athenians were confronted with political division, military disorganized tactics, and an army with mostly unarmored peasants. The Acts of Miltiades and the Turn to Athenian skipper From the discussed portions of this stud y depicting the weakness of Athens both externally and internally, their side was still able to triumph the war. From the accounts of historian Gillis, the Athenian army consisted of about 10,000 men who marched to the plain of Marathon.There were also approximately 1,000 men from the allied Boeotian town of Plataea, located at the border of Attica (44). The Athenians did not expect help from the other Greeks because the neighboring Greeks were already indifferent towards the fate of Athens, which had the impudence to enlist war against the Great Kin. Moreover, other neighboring Greeks considered the alliance to Persian army against Athens, such as the neighboring island of Aegina, which for long had been a rival of Athens.Athens was condemned in loosing the battle unless formations of ally were to be made. Fortunately, it was Miltiades, who settle the issues of alliance, with his agreement with Callimachus (Herodotus, 6. 110).In addition, Miltiades resolved the conflict of the te n generals rendering their internal military forces unified. At the resembling time, from the accounts of Gillis, the famous runner Pheidippides was displace to Sparta in order to present the Athenian request for help (44).The terribles promised assistance but they did not hasten to send out their soldiers as there was an old belief that it was impossible to start a campaign before a full moon (MacGregor 2005 194). Sparta was timid that the Persians, after conquering Attica, would advance towards the Peloponnesus and set up a oceanic blockade of the peninsula (Gillis 1831 44).Many from the Athenian Elites and civilians were opposed to immediate action of war however, Miltiades and his adherents in conclusion managed to persuade the Athenians to attack and defeat the Persians. It should be noted that the Persian army was encamped in the open plain where it was possible for them to deploy their cavalry. The Athenians, who were without cavalry, had assembled in a narrow part of t he plain.The terrain was an advantage for Athenians as it offered no advantages to the Persian horsemen. In the meantime, the situation of the Persian army had deteriorated, and the Persian commander Datis, awaiting in ineffectual some sign from his friends in Athens, was forced to rake a decision as to the necessary course of action (Gillis 1831 44).He apparently knew about the Spartan decision to march towards Attica after the next full moon, and wanted to resolve the war before their arrival (Mure 1853 130).At the same time, he was unable to bear his army towards the defile where the Athenians were entrenched. Datis attentively followed events at Athens, whence he expect the signal (a shield lifted up above the city walls) that would portend the city had come under the control of the adherents of the dethroned tyrant, Hippias (Mure 1853 132).In Athens, the supporters of the Persians were ready to act, but they could not decide on whether to take the risk or not. Thus, in thei r turn, they waited for the Persian army to defeat the Athenians (Gillis 1831 45). The battle commenced on the morning of the 12th of August, 490 B. C. (for the chronology, see Burn 1970257). The Athenians quickly lined up, left their defensive position in the narrows and in a quick march descended down the defile to the enemy (Mure 1853 132).The front line of the Athenians was as wide as that of the Persians, although in the nub the Athenian ranks were not as deep. The disposition of both armies was in union with the traditions of both sides the Persians positioned the best serviceman in the centre, while the Greeks usually attempt at all cost to fight a victory on the flanks and subsequently to turn upon the centre of the enemy ranks. When full moon had come, Sparta sent 2,000 soldiers to the assistance of the Athenians. However, Spartan force arrived when the battle had already been decided. The Spartans looked with interest at the corpses of the fallen Persians, as most of th em had never seen Persians before (Mure 1853 132).The victory at Marathon was the first success of the Greeks in the wars with the Persians who had previously seemed invincible (MacGregor 2005 194).ConclusionThe defeat of the Persians was caused by a combination of factors. First, although their army to a certain detail surpassed in number that of the Athenians, only part of the Persian troops could take part in the battle, while the cavalry could not join in at all and had to remain idle. Second, the Persians were campaigning in an unknown country and had been forced to make a long journey to arrive at Marathon.Third, the heavily armed Greek foot soldiers, the hoplites, were protected by exhort armour, and as a result, the lightly armed Persian elite troops could not breach their ranks. Fourth and of considerable significance, is the fact that the Athenian army was commanded by the talented general Miltiades, who was well acquainted with Persian military tactics.Works CitedPrimar y Resources Rawlinson, George, and Herodotus. The Persian Wars by Herodotus Book 6 ERATO. 1942.Secondary Resources Creasy, Edward S. The Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World, from Marathon to Waterloo. Harper, 1863.Dandamaev, D A. A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire. BRILL, 1989.George, Grote S. A History of Greece From the date of Solon to 403 Bc. Routledge, 2001.Gillis, John S. The History of Ancient Greece Its Colonies and Conquests. Thomas Wardle, 1831.MacGregor, MacGregor. The Story of Greece. Yesterdays Classics, 2006.Mure, William S. A critical history of the language and literature of antient Greece. Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, 1853.

Us Economy After the Civil War

MSS220 US Economy after(prenominal)ward the Civil War The northern and the south both experienced a slight struggle after the Civil War concerning agriculture, commerce and the terra firma of the economy. A southern newspaper out of Augustus County, The Staunton Spectator, offered several binds that gave insight as to what the conditions were like after the war had ended. One article, Grape Culture explained the thinkable profit one could obtain by adding grapes to their normal crops. Grapes were extremely dear(predicate) when fully gr make since they were used mostly for wine.Although farmers were not skilled lavish to make the wine themselves, they could sell the grapes and make a total of 400-500 dollars per acre after purchasing seeds for less than 100 dollars. This article extracts that most agriculture in the south was not as profitable as it was before the war. The upgrade to add-on agricultural revenue shows that this was a time of struggle. Another article, Our tow nspeople and Its Business stated that the farmers had been doing well and making some profit in spite of the poor conditions that followed the war.It described the south as thriftier than ever, with more energy and manufacture than they had before the war. The article Home Industry pushed the notion of making their own products at home in the south rather than supporting the north and sending away for household items. Both articles seemed optimistic and supported the estimation that southern industry would become unshakableer in the future. The Valley Spirit was a newspaper from the north in Franklin County, whose articles provided the same insights.One article The Coming Crops of this sylvan explained that the twelvemonth before had not been very profitable but that in the coming harvest, conditions were ideal. The crops would have a much mettlesomeer yield than the year before, leading to much more revenue for northern farmers. This article shows the northerners had high hop es for larger profits than the preceding year and for agricultural prosperity. Another article Business in Chambersburg urged farmers to do their business locally rather than in larger cities. Buying produce from local stores costs just as much as it did in the larger cities . It was also heaper to buy products in bulk from the local stores since discounts were given when products were bought in larger quantities. Again, the article shows that thrift money was of high interest to the northerners and that local support was needed. Both newspapers show that the economy all over the country was not as strong as it was before the war. They both seem to focus on the increase of agricultural profit, saving money and an optimistic outlook on the future. though the articles showed that the north and south did not want to support each other, it was plain that they were going through the same struggles.

Ias 16 Property, Plant and Equipment

101 Ideas for Womens Ministries Success in the per take a hop will seminal fluid only when there are more ministries than programs. People dont need more programs. They need ministries that will meet their needs where they are. 1. enlistment the Womens Ministries website http//wm. gc. adventist. org for ideas 2. Buy a current Womens Ministries devotional halt 3. Plan a Working Mothers seminar to dish women who juggle home and locomote 4. Be incontestable your church building has a Womens Ministries leader 5. gain diversity on your Womens Ministries committeeage, race, education, affluence, and maritalsingle/ split up 6.Establish a mentoring program in your church 7. Write a devotional for the Womens Ministries devotional book 8. Teach women how to have private countersign study/devotions and to give a countersign study 9. jazz what skills the women in your church have to share 10. Start or endue someone to start a grief support group 11. pass on a ministry for women i n your community who have lost a bollixstillborn or by miscarriage 12. Take time to hark when someone is hurting 13. Begin a literacy or second expression program in your community 14. Begin a womens Bible study group 15. Mentor someone personally 6. hear a charwomans retreat 17. Help with a womans retreat 18. Be sure the Womens Emphasis Day is on the church calendar 19. Teach women to do breast self-examinations 20. Be sure all women in your church know their value in delivery boy Christ 21. Know what the Church statements are in regards to women 22. Be sure the Womens International Day of soliciter is on your church calendar 23. Invite a neighbor to a Womens Ministries event 24. subscribe to certain your diplomatic minister understands Womens Ministries 25. Start a car mechanics class for women 26. Disciple a new believer 27. grow a postulation chainhelp women know how to pray when they get a request 28. Have an intentional reclaiming program in your church such as He art Call 29. Have an intentional program for childly girls regarding sexual purity such as True Love Waits 30. learn your confrontation to include women on the platform for all meetings at live meeting 31. Be sure your church Womens Ministries leader is convolute on the church board 32. Ask that the Conference and nitty-gritty Womens Ministries directors are active on Conference and Union committees 33. Urge your Conference/Union to fund Womens Ministries as other departments 34.Help your churchs Womens Ministries to have a realistic budget and have to it 35. Teach a Leadership Certification seminar 36. Help fund a mission project 37. Help your Womens Ministries serve in a mission come onreach 38. Receive and read the Womens Ministries newsletter available to you 39. Attend at least one course of studyly leadership training seminar 40. carry at least one leadership book a year 41. Support the Womens Ministries director over you 42. Tell a schoolgirlish woman about the sc holarship program 43. Know your spiritual gifts and help other women know theirs too 44. Evaluate each program.Dont get discouragedlearn from them 45. When your church elects officers and delegates, be sure women are included 46. When your Conference/Union or Division elects leaders, suggest women to be included 47. Make sure all women have opportunities to use their ministry gifts 48. top opportunities for women to learn to speak in public 49. Help establish a womens prayer group in your church or resemblance 50. Help women to know the value of exercise and how to do it 51. Work closely with your pastor. Support him with your ministries 52. Fill out a data base form for the GC and invite other women in leadership to do so also 53.Educate your church board regarding all forms of abuse 54. give bullion to Womens Ministries projects 55. Share the Womens Ministries newsletters with your pastor, both those from your Division and Mosaic, from the GC 56. press 12 Things Youll Want t o Know about Womens Ministries to your pastor and church board 57. collar/teach parliamentary procedure 58. ca-ca women opportunities to learn sound nutrition 59. Have a gynecologist jaw to women about reproduction health 60. Help see that the women in your church have the opportunity to complete the Leadership Certification seminars 61.Have a retreat for teen-age girls 62. Have a stress reduction seminar/program 63. Have a gynecologist talk to women about menopause 64. Establish a Prayer and Loves Saves seminar series in your church 65. Start a womens section in your church library 66. Plan and carry out a public evangelistic program 67. Prepare Welcome alkali Baby gift baskets for new mothers in your community 68. Put the abuse Prevention Emphasis Day on the church calendar 69. conduct a girls night out 70. Sponsor something special for the singles in your church 71. Pray for your pastors spouse 72.Send a report to your Conference and/or Union papers about what Womens Minist ries in your church is doing 73. Acknowledge the unique accomplishments of young people in your church 74. Write a note of encouragement to someone 75. slip away time with a sick or shut-in member 76. stand up helping teams to assist elderly or shut-in members with difficult tasks same raking leaves or shoveling snow 77. Report to your Womens Ministries Conference and/or Union leader what your church Womens Ministries is accomplishing 78. Begin a womens prayer group to pray for your church leadership 79.Read stories in the Bible of how Jesus appreciated women 80. Sponsor a project to raise money to donate to the GC Womens Ministries Scholarship Fund 81. Support the Womens Ministries activities in your church 82. Have a perpetual prayer shock at your church that Womens Ministries members pray over 83. Have an good afternoon prayerwalk in the community with your Womens Ministries team 84. Have a self-defence class at your church and invite the community women 85. Host a fellowship meal and brainstorming session and invite all women in your church 86. Make quiet-time play sets for young children to use during the church attend to 87.Read a book about a unique woman who has made special contributions to women in society, in the Christian world, or in the Adventist Church 88. Teach or request a seminar on fiscal perplexity for women 89. Attend a Womens Ministries seminar at camp meeting 90. Have abuse pamphlets available to your church members 91. Help your local womens shelter 92. Adopt a sister church in other division 93. Thank your Conference/Union president for funding and funding the Womens Ministries director in your Conference 94. Get acquainted with a young girl in your church and tell her that she is special 95.Learn about the history of Womens Ministries and share this with someone else 96. Suggest that your church have a class on organization and time management and attend it yourself 97. Volunteer to give a Bible study 98. Offer to help your pa stor with visitation 99. Help the women in your church understand that Womens Ministries is not about more programs, but is about both woman being involved in some type of ministry 100. Pray for Womens Ministries and its leaders around the world 101. Share additional ideas with us at email&160protected adventist. org and we will add to this list

Full House

Full House What you see is not all you pay off portrays a theme that includes entertainment, consumer products, and advertising. This is a topic that all human beings fire relate to. We all have either a maven, who now in days has to do with celebrities, food, beverages and they all part of our culture today. While I was reading Ameri coffin nail Idol Worship, I thought about a show I had seen that made me suspect a hidden capacity or agenda and I came up with Full house, a everyday television show.Full House was loved by every age assemblage because the family had different age and gender actors. It was a show that taught a lesson from from each one episode regardless of the age group that was watching, but people did not pay attention to the hidden message. For example, seeing such a freehanded family stick by one an different and learn from each others mistakes, which does not happen too often in palp fitted life. Problems do not get solved that easily, and life is way l ine up complicated than what it was being demonstrated in the show.It was a show that a family could have watched together because it was not just about children, love, or manoeuver but about a regular Americans that dealt with problems that many of us were able to connect to within the only thirty minutes which is unrealistic. Thomas de Zengotita in his article American Idol Worship mentioned, American Idol force almost twice as many viewers than awards show and I can connect this to full house. When a show consists of artists of actors people can relate to.They tend to bond and somehow abide by similarities between them and their hero. Many start to pay attention to their acts, style, and much more. Before you grapple it these celebrities become peoples heroes, and they start expecting their loved ones and others to act care their heroes. For instance, many of the parents compared their children to the actors and they expected them to act the same way as the children in the show. Children wanted their father, and uncle to be just like Danny and Uncle Jesse.Another example would be Uncle Jesse who was the big(p) looking, talented, but yet the bad boy that all the viewers were in love with. We all tend to believe and get attached to the media genuinely fast and it makes our lives complicated. What you see is not all you get does not add us in the spot. We have to talk and talk about it to find out the hidden messages, and aspects in commercials, movies and shows that at first brain deaden us.

Rc Server Motor

RC servomechanism C36R, C40R, C55R substance abusers manual V1. 0 Apr 2009 entropy contained in this publication regarding device covers and the like is intended through hint only and may be superseded by updates. It is your responsibility to ensure that your application meets with your specifications. No representation or stock warrant is given and no obligation is assumed by Cytron Technologies Incorporated with respect to the accuracy or drill of such information or infringement of patents or other gifted property rights arising from such use or otherwise.Use of Cytron Technologiess products as critical components in life support systems is not authorized take away with express written approval by Cytron Technologies. No licenses are conveyed, implicitly or otherwise, under any intellectual property rights. zombie . doubtfulness to toe carrefour Users Manual C36R, C40R, C55R Index 1. foundation garment 2. How RC Servo Motor Works 3. Product Specification 4. Wire connecter 5. Connection Between RC Servo and mental picture 6. Dimension Drawing 7. stock warrant 1 2 3 5 6 7 10 Created by Cytron Technologies Sdn.Bhd. exclusively Rights reserved zombi . tribal chief to toenail Product Users Manual C36R, C40R, C55R 1. INTRODUCTION Radio Control (RC) credit line servosystems are vitiated actuators designed for remotely operating model vehicles such as cars, airplanes, and boats. Nowadays, RC servos are become more popular in robotics, creating android robot, biologically inspired robot, robotic arm and etc. This is because its ability to rotate and say and certain location, put down or angle according to control trices from a single wire. Inside a typical RC servo ontains a small motor and deliverbox to do the work, a potentiometer to measure the position of the output gear, and an electronic circuit that controls the motor to make the output gear move to the desired position. Because all of these components are packaged into a compac t, low-priced unit, RC servos are great actuators for robots. Features Control position through neural im rhythm legislation Modulation Pulse breadth persona 0. 5ms 2. 5ms Come with servo horn and screw accessories Created by Cytron Technologies Sdn. Bhd. All Rights speechless 1 ROBOT . HEAD to TOE Product Users Manual C36R, C40R, C55R . HOW RC SERVO locomote WORKS Servos are controlled by sending them a nervous impulse of variable quantity width. The channelize wire is used to send this pulse. The parameters for this pulse are that it has a minimum pulse, a maximum pulse, and a repetition rate. Given the rotary motion constraints of the servo, neutral is defined to be the position where the servo has exactly the uniform amount of potential rotation in the clockwise direction as it does in the counter clockwise direction. It is important to note that different servos depart have different constraints on their rotation. 20ms Pulse Width (0. 5ms-2. ms) The angle i s located by the duration of a pulse that is applied to the orient wire. This is called Pulse Width Modulation. The servo expects to see a pulse every 20 ms. The length of the pulse will determine how far the motor acquires. For example, a 1. 5 ms pulse will make the motor deform to the 90 degree position (neutral position). However, the exact correspondence between pulse width and servo varies from one servo manufacturer to another. 1. 5ms is not needs neutral or middle position. The position pulse must be repeated to instruct the servo to stay in position.When a pulse is sent to a servo that is less than 1. 5 ms the servo rotates to a position and holds its output shaft some number of degrees left-handed from the neutral point. When the pulse is wider than 1. 5 ms the opposite occurs. The minimal width and the maximum width of pulse that will command the servo to turn to a valid position are functions of each servo. Different brands, and nevertheless different servos of the same brand, will have different maximum and minimums. for the most part the minimum pulse will be about 1 ms wide (some servo is 0. 5ms) and the maximum pulse will be 2 ms wide (some servo is 2. ms). Caution Over clutch of the pulse will damage the servos. 2 Created by Cytron Technologies Sdn. Bhd. All Rights Reserved ROBOT . HEAD to TOE Product Users Manual C36R, C40R, C55R 1ms 1. 5ms 2ms some other parameter that varies from servo to servo is the turn rate. This is the time it takes from the servo to substitute from one position to another. The turning rate and torque value fuel be check at product specification section. Created by Cytron Technologies Sdn. Bhd. All Rights Reserved 3 ROBOT . HEAD to TOE Product Users Manual C36R, C40R, C55R 3.PRODUCT SPECIFICATION Cytron Technologies offer great range of RC servo motor. With the combination of various gear type, speed, torque and voltage, users are set-apart to choose the suitable RC servo for project development. Of cou rse, it can also be used for RC application. infra is product specification for Cytron RC Servo motor. Specification 4. 8V 6. 0V 7. 0V zip up (s/60o) Torque (Kg. cm) Speed (s/60 ) Torque (Kg. cm) Speed (s/60o) Torque (Kg. cm) o Servo Motor Model C36R 0. 16 3. 5 0. 14 4. 50 TTL PWM 0. 5 2. 35 4. 8-6. 0 50. 0 0-180 Ground 4. 8-6. 0 PWM signal 40. 2&21519. x36 36. 0 Plastic Gear well-worn C40R 0. 19 6. 00 0. 16 7. 00 TTL PWM 0. 54 2. 40 4. 8-6. 0 50. 0 0-180 Ground 4. 8-6. 0 PWM signal 40. 2&21519. 8&21536 38. 0 Plastic Gear stock C55R 0. 22 9. 00 0. 20 11. 0 0. 17 13. 00 TTL PWM 0. 582 2. 50 4. 8-7. 0 50. 0 0-180 Ground 4. 8-7. 0 PWM signal 41x20x37 55. 0 Metal Gear Standard Signal To Control Angle PWM At Min Angle (ms) PWM At Max Angle (ms) Operating Voltage (VDC) Operating Frequency (Hz) pitiful Range(degree) Wiring (Black/Brown Wire) Wiring (Red Wire) Wiring (Orange/Other Wire) Dimension (mm) system of weights (g) Gear material Servo type Pulse width range is for reference only please start the servo calibration at 1. 5ms. Created by Cytron Technologies Sdn. Bhd. All Rights Reserved 4 ROBOT . HEAD to TOE Product Users Manual C36R, C40R, C55R 4. WIRE CONNECTION Below is example connection of RC Servo Motor to SC16A. (+) for VCC, (-) for GND and (s) for signal. Created by Cytron Technologies Sdn. Bhd. All Rights Reserved 5 ROBOT . HEAD to TOE Product Users Manual C36R, C40R, C55R 5. EXAMPLE CONNECTION BETWEEN SERVO MOTOR AND PIC * * Connector for RC Servo.RB1 is signal pin which is connecting to PIC. Created by Cytron Technologies Sdn. Bhd. All Rights Reserved 6 ROBOT . HEAD to TOE Product Users Manual C36R, C40R, C55R 6. DIMENSION DRAWING (unit in mm) C36R RC Servo Created by Cytron Technologies Sdn. Bhd. All Rights Reserved 7 ROBOT . HEAD to TOE Product Users Manual C36R, C40R, C55R C40R RC Servo Created by Cytron Technologies Sdn. Bhd. All Rights Reserved 8 ROBOT . HEAD to TOE Product Users Manual C36R, C40R, C55R C55R RC Servo Created by C ytron Technologies Sdn. Bhd. All Rights Reserved 9ROBOT . HEAD to TOE Product Users Manual C36R, C40R, C55R 7. WARRANTY Product warranty is valid for 6 months. Warranty only applies to manufacturing defect. Damage caused by mis-use is not covered under warranty. Warranty does not cover freight address for both ways. Prepared by Cytron Technologies Sdn. Bhd. 19, Jalan Kebudayaan 1A, Taman Universiti, 81300 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia. Tel Fax +607-521 3178 +607-521 1861 URL www. cytron. com. my Email email&clxprotected com. my email&160protected com. my Created by Cytron Technologies Sdn. Bhd. All Rights Reserved 10

Isokinetic Muscle Strength In Patients Health And Social Care Essay

The intent of this follow was to measure the g trim down outgrowth isokinetic muscleman forte, to r whollyy modify muscleman conventions and their enumerateance on motion speed, and to happen away the relations pelvic arch amidst muscleman expertness and clinical whimsicality, every indorsement satisfactory as brawn say-so and go, in Parkinson s sickness ( PD ) . Twenty-five perseverings diagnosed with PD and 24 healthy voluntaries were enrolled in this spate. The lower emergence heftiness effect was appreciated with an isokinetic dynamometer. Clinical position was examined in abidance with the Unified Parkinson s Disease evaluate Scale autumn narration was besides record. We have observed that thither was a historic diminish in isokinetic musculus chroma in the patient group, oddly in both of the hip and stick genus flexor muscle muscles and extensors. It has been found that reduced musculus strength was independent of speed, and correlated wi th clinical severeness and move. In decision, motion velocity-independent lower appendage isokinetic musculus helplessness has been observed in patients with PD, particularly in the articulatio genus and hip articulations. Therefore, the rating of isokinetic musculus strength whitethorn be a utile tool for the appraisal of clinical badness and locomote in PD.Keywords Parkinson s disease Isokinetic Muscle strength Lower appendage1. IntroductionParkinson s disease ( PD ) is a common neurodegenerative status in which patients typically experience troubles much(prenominal) as awkwardness of motions ( bradykinesia ) , stiffness of the musculuss ( rigidness ) , shudder, equipoise perturbations, and progressive change magnitude in force functions.1-3 When combined with multiple new(prenominal) factors, decreased musculus strength can take to falls among decrepit patients, doing breaks, enounce disruptions, terrible soft tissue lesions, and caput trauma.4,5 As a back uping fa ct, the autumn rate is higher among those with PD comp ard to healthy aged persons, harmonizing to the clinical image of the disease.4,6Muscle failing is one of the chief symptoms of PD.7 In recent clinical tests, decreased musculus strength has been observed in patients with PD.8-12 Kakinuma et al.12 measured the isokinetic musculus strength on articulatio genus extension and iexion, and they observed isokinetic strength decrease on the side that is more greatly affected by PD. In an separate survey, Nallegowda et al.9 tested the bole, hip, and cut joint flexor and extensor musculuss strengths utilizing isokinetic measuring, and reported a lessening in strength in all the flexor and extensor musculus groups. Pedersen et al.10 obtained lower isokinetic homocentric deviousness imports comp bed to command topics on quantitative appraisal of dorsiiexors. Inkster et al.11 observed that decreased strength at the hip muscles is an of event subscriber to the trouble in lifting from a chair among patients with PD. Finally, Nogaki et al.8,13 hypothesized that musculus failing in PD is likely to depend on motion speed.In contrast to the isokinetic ratings mentioned supra, there are whatever(prenominal) surveies in which quantitative isotonic and isometric musculus strengths have been evaluated.7,14,15So far, there has been no survey in the literature that evaluated the isokinetic strength of the hip, articulatio genus, and ankle articulations together. There are some limited surveies, nevertheless, that evaluated the musculus groups at different isokinetic speeds in the lower extremity13, every bit good as the correlation coefficient in the midst of musculus strength, and clinical position and falls9 among patients with PD.In this survey, we evaluate the lower appendage flexor and extensor isokinetic musculus strength at the hip, articulatio genus, and ankle articulations in patients with PD. We aim to happen out which musculus groups and motion speeds of the l ower appendage are more greatly affected by the disease, and we seek to detect the relationship in the midst of musculus failing, and clinical position and falls.2. Materials and Methods2.1. PatientsThis survey was designed as a cross-sectional, get a lineled survey. The patients included in this work were from the outpatient clinics of the Physical music and Rehabilitation, and Neurology Departments, and were diagnosed with PD harmonizing to the United country Parkinson s Disease Society Brain Bank criteria.9 The survey was ratified by the local ethical commission at the Inonu University School of Medicine and carried out in conformity with the rules in the Declaration of Helsinki. Written try for was obtained from all the participants.Twenty-five patients ( 17 males and 8 females ) were included in the survey. The amount age of the patients was 62.1A10.3 ( with a scope of 42-81 ) old ages. All patients were at Hoehn &038 A Yahr chassis II or III, and were having intervent ion for PD. None of the patients had any estimable orthopedic, neurological, vestibular, or ocular upset that could impact their musculus strength, and all of them could walk of life unsupported.Twenty-four healthy voluntaries ( 13 males and 11 females ) with no orthopedic, neurological, or opposite diseases constituted the view group, which was age-matched with the patient group.2.2. Appraisals2.2.1. The Unified Parkinson s Disease pass judgment Scale ( UPDRS ) and Hoehn &038 A Yahr presentingPatients were assessed with the usage of the Unified Parkinson s Disease Rating Scale ( UPDRS ) portion II activities of day-to-day populating ( UPDRS-ADL ) and portion III motor scrutiny ( UPDRS-ME ) 16, and Hoehn &038 A Yahr staging.172.2.2. Fall historyWe employ a warning definition for autumn, which is accidentally coming to rest on the land, floor, or other lower degree. 18 For the interest of coherence with the definition, coming to rest against article of furniture or a wal l was non accepted as a autumn. The fingers breadth of falls was determined utilizing self-reported autumn events during the past 6 months.2.2.3. Isokinetic musculus strengthIsokinetic musculus strength trials were administered in the forenoon before the patients took any medical examination specialty. Patients foremost warmed up for 10 proceedingss on a cycle dynamometer with a burden of 1 W/kg. We used the Biodex dodging 3 Pro ( Biodex, Inc. , Shirley, NY, USA ) isokinetic ergometer for the isokinetic measurings. During the trials, the patients were stabilized with seat belts in order to supply joint stabilisation and to forestall them from falling morose the trial chair. All trials were performed on both appendages. The isokinetic protocol consisted of trials at trine angular motion speeds of 90, 120, and one hundred fifty degrees/sec at 10 revolutions per minute, with a 5-min remainder period in the midst of trials. We followed the same process for hip flexion-extension, genu flexion-extension, and ankle plantar/dorsiflexion. The articulatio genus and mortise joint trials were performed in a seated place, while a supine place was used to honor hip flexure and extension strength. All trials were performed for homocentric musculus strength every bit good, where the maximal extremum torsion ( Nm ) was recorded at each angular velocity.92.3. Statistical digestWe used the SPSS 16.0 tract for statistical rating of the trial consequences ( SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA ) . The normalcy for uninterrupted variables in groups was determined by the Shapiro-Wilk trial. We used Student s t-test or Mann-Whitney U trial for comparings, whereas Spearman s rank correlativity trial was used for analysis of informations. For correlativity analysis, the mean musculus strength was calculated at 90, 120, and one hundred fifty degree/sec angular motion speeds over the entire determine for the hip, articulatio genus, and ankle musculuss. A p value of less than 0.05 was ta ken as the degree of significance.3. ConsequencesThe descriptive features of the patient and control groups are presented in Table 1. It can be observed from the tabular array that there was no statistically heavy deviance between the two groups in age, weight, and tallness. The average disease continuance was 5.6A3.9 ( with a scope of 1-15 ) old ages. fifteen patients ( 60 % ) were in Hoehn &038 A Yahr phase II, and 10 ( 40 % ) were in phase III. In the patient group, the UPDRS ME and ADL tonss were 26.3A12 and 8.9A5, severally.During the last 6 months, the depict of lumbermans in the patient group was 12 ( 48 % ) , compared to just now 4 ( 16.7 % ) in the control group ( P &038 lt 0.05 ) . The mean figure of falls was found to be 0.9A1.1 in the patient group and 0.2A0.5 in the control group ( P &038 lt 0.001 ) .The isokinetic musculus strength of the patient and control groups is shown in Table 2. At all speeds, the musculus strength of hip flexors ( P &038 lt 0.01 ) and e xtensors ( P &038 lt 0.05 ) was found to be significantly less in the patient group. Similarly, compared with the control group ( P &038 lt 0.05 ) , we observed a authorised lessening in the musculus strength of articulatio genus flexors and extensors in the patient group, disregardless of the speed. Furthermore, the isokinetic extremum torsions of ankle plantar- and dorsiflexor musculuss exhibited significantly smaller value at reliable motion speeds in the patient group ( P &038 lt 0.05 ) .We observed a considerable relationship between musculus strength and figure of falls ( P &038 lt 0.01 ) . The correlativity between musculus strength and Hoehn &038 A Yahr phase was statistically most-valuable. There was besides a strong correlativity between musculus strength and all UPDRS tonss ( P &038 lt 0.01 ) . However, there was no correlativity between musculus strength and disease continuance.4. DiscussionThe lower appendage musculus strength is known to hold a outstanding co nsequence on mobility. So far, there have non been any surveies in the literature that evaluated the boilersuit flexor and extensor musculus strength in the hip, articulatio genus, and ankle articulations in patients with PD, although several surveies have evaluated the musculus strength in merely one or two articulations separately10,12,13. In this survey, we assessed musculus strength with an isokinetic ergometer in an effort to find which musculus groups were more greatly affected, and at which of the evaluated motion speeds, and to measure their correlativity with clinical position and falls. While numerous surveies have evaluated isokinetic musculus strength before ( off province ) and by and by ( on province ) medicate, we chose to prove all the patients in the forenoon later backdown of medicine ( off province ) . The chief ground for this picking is to govern out the effects of medicine while measuring the musculus failing that exists as portion of the nature of PD. The positive effects of antiparkinsonian agents on musculus strength have already been shown in many studies9,19 and are outside the range of this survey.Nallegowda et al.9 evaluated the isokinetic musculus strength at the bole, hip, and ankle flexor and extensor musculuss at 90, 120, and 150 degree/sec angular speeds, which are the same as the 1s used in our survey. They found a meaning(a) difference in all musculus groups between patients who did non take medicine and the healthy control group. In contrast, we evaluated the articulatio genus flexor and extensor musculus strength alternatively of the bole flexor and extensor musculus strength. As a consequence, we observed a important failing in all hip and articulatio genus musculuss at all evaluated speeds, every bit good as in mortise joint musculuss at some reliable speeds. There was besides pronounced musculus failing in the hip flexors compared to the other musculus groups. Hip flexors are the major gas pedals in the swing sta ge of the gait.20 The trouble in gait induction in patients with PD whitethorn lend to the apparent failing of the hip flexors. However, Bartels et al.21 suggested that trap of pace was non correlated with bradykinesia. Alternatively, ankle musculus strength is more of import in forestalling falls and for proper pace. Less terrible mortise joint musculus failing than the other musculus groups demonstrates the grandness of other factors like proprioception. Zia et al.22 pointed out the damage of joint place sense in patients with PD. These consequences suggest the possibility of different underlying diseased mechanisms.Pedersen et al.10 evaluated the mortise joint dorsiflexor isokinetic musculus strength both concentrically and eccentrically, and found significantly lower values for the homocentric musculus strength at all motion speeds compared to the control group, while the bizarre musculus strength was different from the control group merely in male patients. Kakinuma et al.12 separated the topics into two groups harmonizing to their holding more- or less-affected appendage, and found that the isokinetic musculus strength decreased at both the in arrears and fast motion speeds during the early period of the disease. They besides observed that the difference in musculus strength between the more- and the less-affected appendages decreased in the progress phase of the disease. Our survey and the surveies mentioned above 9,10,12 demonstrated no relation between the reduced musculus strength and the motion speeds. Nogaki et al.13 found a important lessening in the peak torsion of the isokinetic musculus strength compared to the less-affected appendage at high motion speeds but no difference between the two appendages at lower motion speeds. Therefore, the observation of increased musculus failing at higher motion speeds, which was proposed in the survey by Nogaki et al.13, is comparable with the determination in our survey.Although Corcos et al.23 indicated an asymmetric distribution of musculus failing, our survey has shown the common musculus failing in patients with PD to be comparable to those found in the survey by Nallegowda et al.9 In some studies9,13, the importance of the cardinal consequence on musculus failing was emphasized, but the consequence of immobilisation was non considered in patients with PD. The effects of immobilisation on musculus failing should be noted, particularly in aged patients with PD.Assorted surveies reported the make of falling in those with PD to run from 38 to 70 % 2,4,9. Our consequences carol the per centum of patients who have suffered from falls were similar. There was a important relationship between falling and musculus strength, but we have non come across any surveies on the association of musculus strength with falls in patients with PD. whatsoever authors24,25 have observed musculus failing at lower appendage as a hazard factor for falling. Therefore, the hazard of falling may be exam ined in connexion with lower appendage isokinetic musculus strength in patients with PD.We found a pronounced correlativity between musculus strength, and UPDRS ME and ADL tonss. Since the UPDRS ME and ADL tonss are related to clinical position, we had already expected to happen such correlativity between these parametric quantities and musculus strength. The UPDRS is a often used measuring for measuring the clinical state of affairs of patients with PD.26 Given the important correlativity between musculus strength and the UPDRS, isokinetic musculus strength may be used to measure clinical position of patients.Disease simulate advance in PD was evaluated utilizing Hoehn &038 A Yahr presenting. Increased disease badness ( a?stage III ) leads to more pronounced locomotor ashes abnormality.27 Most of our patients were in Hoehn &038 A Yahr phase II. As can be seen in Table 3, there appeared a important correlativity between isokinetic musculus strength and Hoehn &038 A Yahr phase. Muscle failing in our patients was non outstanding, as they were at an early phase of PD. It seems musculus failing is related to clinical badness instead than disease continuance.The chief restrictions of our survey are the mismatched figure of patients and the absence of lower speeds, such as 60 degrees/sec, at which isokinetic musculus strength could be evaluated.In drumhead, we found a important lessening in bilateral hip, articulatio genus, and ankle flexor and extensor isokinetic musculus strength, which was particularly outstanding in the hip muscles at 90, 120, and 150 degree/sec angular motion speeds. In add-on, we detected a relationship between disease badness and musculus failing. Furthermore, a important correlativity was besides present between musculus strength, and UPDRS ME and ADL tonss. Finally, there was a pronounced association between musculus strength and figure of falls.5. DecisionsTaking the consequences of our survey into consideration, we have shown that a lthough musculus strength decreased in the lower appendage, particularly in the hip and articulatio genus, musculus failing was non associated with the speeds at which it was evaluated in this survey. We have demonstrated that the rating of musculus failing degree may be a utile tool for the appraisal of clinical badness and autumn hazard in patients with PD. It should be noted, nevertheless, that conflicting old consequences and the deficiency of specific criterions necessitate farther surveies.RecognitionThe writers would wish to thank Associate professor Saim Yologlu ( Department of Statistics, Inonu University School of Medicine ) for his sort part to this survey.